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Imaging and Localization > Ultrasound > Flashcards

Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound uses high energy (or high frequency) sound waves which by definition have a frequency of

A

> 20 kHz

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2
Q

the speed of the wave. Constant in a given medium. This is how ultrasound determines depth of tissue - tissue/organ close to probe - wave returns first, longest time to return means the tissue is further away.

A

Velocity

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3
Q

number of cycles (waves) /second

A

Frequency

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4
Q

height of the waves.

A

Amplitude

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5
Q

less detail, farther travel

A

lower frequency

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6
Q

shorter distance, more detail

A

high frequency

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7
Q

Strong (high) amplitude waves returning to transducer are ______ on the image

A

bright (i.e bone deflects the wave showing bright image)

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8
Q

Weak/No amplitude waves (absorbed waves) are ______.

A

dark

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9
Q

Echogenecity

A

brightness of reflected waves

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10
Q

hyperechoic
A. high amplitude - bright
B. low amplitude - darker than surrounding tissue
C. non-reflecting, completely absorbs sound - black

A

high amplitude - bright

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11
Q

hypoechoic
A. high amplitude - bright
B. low amplitude - darker than surrounding tissue
C. non-reflecting, completely absorbs sound - black

A

low amplitude - darker than surrounding tissue

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12
Q

anechoic
A. high amplitude - bright
B. low amplitude - darker than surrounding tissue
C. non-reflecting, completely absorbs sound - black

A

non-reflecting, completely absorbs sound - black

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13
Q

Lateral resolution

A

can differentiate objects side by side

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14
Q

Axial resolution

A

differentiate objects above and below. High frequency better in both planes

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15
Q

Sound waves are ________ and can physically cause oscillation, or movement within materials

A

mechanical

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16
Q

The propagation speed of movement through materials varies depending on the _________.

A

makeup of the material

17
Q

Speeds are highest in ______ and lowest in ______

A

solids, gases

18
Q

When sound is transmitted through a medium (in this case, the body) & it encounters an object it is either:

A

Absorbed (this process may create heat)

Reflected back toward its source

Scattered in a different direction

19
Q

A _____________ produces and emits pulses of sound waves

A

hand-held transducer

20
Q

Transducers work on the principle of __________

A

piezoelectricity

21
Q

Sound waves that are reflected and some that are scattered, return back out of the patient and are detected by the ______

A

receiver

22
Q

The ________ is actually the same piece of equipment as the ________.

A

The receiver is actually the same piece of equipment as the transducer.

23
Q

better resolution, less depth and penetration - (ex:vascular and ocular - tissues are close to surface and need great detail)
A. High Frequency Linear Array
B. Phased Array
C. Low frequency curvilinear Array

A

High Frequency Linear Array

24
Q

(cardiac) projects from a focal source in an arc (wedge shape) to see between rib spaces
A. High Frequency Linear Array
B. Phased Array
C. Low frequency curvilinear Array

A

Phased Array

25
Q

wedge shape - low frequency, wide field of view - abdominal
A. High Frequency Linear Array
B. Phased Array
C. Low frequency curvilinear Array

A

Low frequency curvilinear Array

26
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound is typically in the range of

A

2-15 MHz

27
Q

The _____ frequency is better for deeper imaging, but Detail is better with _____ frequency

A

The lower frequency is better for deeper imaging, but Detail is better with higher frequency

28
Q

Reflected sound waves are termed

A

echoes.

29
Q

Tissues will have different acoustic impedance, which is defined as__________.

A

density x propagation speed.
If density increases so does impedance

If speed increases impedance also increases

30
Q

Attenuation of sound pulses is higher in ____ and in ____ than in ____.

A

air, bone, soft tissue

31
Q

The greater the difference in _____ the greater the intensity of the _____

A

impedance, echo

32
Q

imaging the patient prior to treatment to confirm the location and alignment of internal anatomy

A

Interfractional localization

33
Q

imaging during the treatment to confirm that the location and alignment of internal anatomy

A

Intrafractional localization

34
Q

A gel is placed on the patient’s skin to allow the transducer/receiver to directly connect or “_____” to the skin without an air gap.

A

couple

35
Q

1 Hertz (HZ)= ?

A

1 cycle/sec

Imaging and Localization (5 decks)

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