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MSK > UL Anki > Flashcards

UL Anki Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmus longus, flexor carpi ulnaris (Lateral to medial, PFPF)

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2
Q

What is the intermediate muscle in the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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3
Q

What are the deep muscles in the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (PPP, where word beginning with P is later in the order)

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4
Q

All muscles in the anterior forearm are innervated by the […] except for the […] and […], which are innervated by the […].

A

All muscles in the anterior forearm are innervated by the median nerve except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus, which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

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5
Q

Wrist flexor muscles (and specific function):

A

Flexor carpi radialis, palmus longus, flexor carpi ulnaris. FCR: Flexes and abducts the wrist joint PL: Flexes the wrist joint FCU: Flexes and adducts the wrist joint

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6
Q

Finger flexors in forearm (and their specific functions):

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus. FDS: Flexes proximal IP joints of four fingers, flexes MCP and wrist joint too. FDP: Flexes distal IP joints of four fingers, flexes MCP and wrist joint too. FPL: Flexes MCP and IP joints of thumb.

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7
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus. Lateral to medial: BCCDDC A (Big chocolate (L for longus) chips Dunkin’ Donuts craze, A)

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8
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis. Lateral to medial: SAPPI (Syrup and peanuts preferably (L for longus) included)

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9
Q

Wrist extensor muscles (and specific functions):

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris. ECRL: Extends and abducts wrist ECRB: Extends and abducts wrist ECU: Extends and adducts wrist

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10
Q

Brachioradialis function

A

Flexes the elbow joint

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11
Q

Anconeus function

A

Extends the elbow joint, abducts ulna during pronation.

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12
Q

Finger extensor muscles in forearm (and specific functions):

A

Extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis. ED: Extends 2-5 fingers (at MCP and IP joint), can also extend wrist EDM: Extends little finger EI: Extends index finger

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13
Q

Thumb muscles in posterior forearm (and specific functions):

A

Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus APL: Abducts thumb EPB: Extends MCP and CMP joints of thumb EPL: Extends IP, MCP and CMP joints of thumb

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14
Q

Axilla borders (apex, base, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral):

A

Apex: Lateral border of the first rib, superior border of scapula, and the posterior border of the clavicle. Base: Skin and fascia (of armpit) Anterior: Pectoralis major and minor Posterior: Subscapularis Medial: Serratus anterior Lateral: Intertubercular sulcus.

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15
Q

Pectoralis major and minor details:

A

P. major: Originates from clavicle (anterior, sternal end), sternum, first 6 costal cartilages. Inserts into lateral lip on humerus. Function: Adduction, flexion and medial rotation of the arm. P. minor: Originates from ribs 3-5. Inserts into coracoid process of scapula. Function: Pulls tip of shoulder down, protracts scapula. It also stabilises the scapula.

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16
Q

Serratus anterior details:

A

“It originates from the first 8 ribs, and inserts into the medial border of the scapula. Function: Protraction and rotation of scapula. It also keeps the scapula in place (opposed to thoracic cage), preventing it from ““winging””.”

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17
Q

Rotator cuff muscles (and their functions):

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis. SITS on the shoulder. S: Initiates abduction I: Lateral rotation of shoulder T: Lateral rotation of shoulder S: Medial rotation of shoulder

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18
Q

Trapezius muscle details:

A

“Origin: Skull, nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T12. Insertion: Clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula (makes an entire ““C””). Function: Top fibres elevate scapula. Middle fibres retract scapula. Bottom fibres depress scapula.”

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19
Q

Deltoid muscle details:

A

Origin: Clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity on humerus Function: Middle fibres abduct the arm (beyond first 15 degrees by supraspinatus). Anterior fibres flex arm. Posterior fibres extend arm.

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20
Q

Rhomboid major and minor details:

A

Major: Inserts to the medial border of scapula (from below spine of scapula to inferior angle). Minor: Inserts to the medial border of scapula (just beside spine of scapula). Both elevate and retract the scapula.

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21
Q

Teres major details:

A

Origin: The region above inferior angle of scapula. Insertion: Medial lip on humerus. Function: Medial rotation and extension of arm at shoulder joint.

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22
Q

What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis (BBC) are supplied by this nerve.

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23
Q

Biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis (BBC) are supplied by this nerve.

A

What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve?

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24
Q

Coracobrachialis muscle details:

A

Origin: Coracoid process Insertion: Medial midshaft of humerus (seen anteriorly) Function: Flexes arm at shoulder joint. Also adducts arm.

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25
Q

Brachialis muscle details:

A

Origin: Anterior portion of humerus Insertion: Tuberosity of the ulna Function: Flexes elbow joint. Aids in supinating also.

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26
Q

Cubital fossa borders (medial, lateral, superior, roof, floor) and contents:

A

Medial: Pronator teres Lateral: Brachioradialis Superior: Imaginary line connecting the lateral and medial epicondyles Roof: Bicipital aponeurosis Floor: Brachialis and supinator Contents (medial to lateral): Median nerveBifurcation of brachial arteryTendon of biceps Radial nerveMother bought ten rabbits, MBTR

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27
Q

Anatomical snuffbox borders (medial, lateral, roof, floor):

A

Medial (ulna) border: Extensor pollicis longus tendon Lateral (radius) border: Extensor pollicis brevis (and abductor pollicis longus) tendon Roof: Skin Floor: Scaphoid and trapezium bone

28
Q

Carpal tunnel borders (roof and base) and contents:

A

Roof: Flexor retinaculum Base: Formed by arch of carpal bones (laterally is trapezium, medially is hook of hamate). Contents: Flexor pollicis longus tendon.4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis.4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus. Median nerve.

29
Q

Thenar muscles (and their functions):

A

Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis. APB: Abducts thumb at MCP and CMP joint FPB: Flexes thumb at MCP and CMP joint OP: Opposition of thumb Innervated by: Median nerve

30
Q

Hypothenar muscles (and their functions):

A

Flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi. FDMB: Flexes MCP joint of pinky finger. ADM: Abducts MCP joint of pinky finger. ODM: Opposes pinky finger. Innervated by: Ulnar nerve

31
Q

Interossei muscles of hand (and their functions):

A

Palmar interossei and dorsal interossei. Palmar adducts, dorsal abducts (PAD DAB). Innervated by ulnar nerve.

32
Q

Lumbrical muscles of hand (and their functions):

A

There are four lumbricals for index to pinky fingers. Index lumbrical is 1, pinky is 4. Function: Flexes at MCP joint, extends at IP joints. Innervated by: Median nerve (for lumbricals 1-2), ulnar nerve (for lumbricals 3-4).

33
Q

All hand muscles are innervated by the […], except for the […], which are innervated by the […].

A

“All hand muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve, except for the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, lumbricals 1-2, which are innervated by the median nerve. Remember the ““half-claw grip”” (thumb, index and middle finger pinched together) to see the actions of muscles innervated by median nerve. LOAF: Lumbricals 1-2Opponens pollicisAbductor pollicis brevisFlex

34
Q

Two other muscles in the hand (unclassified):

A

Palmaris brevis, adductor pollicis. PB: Improves grip of hand AP: Adducts thumb Innervated by: Ulnar nerve

35
Q

What muscles do the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Deltoid and teres minor.

36
Q

What is the triceps muscle innervated by?

A

Radial nerve

37
Q

At which point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the inferior border of the teres major

38
Q

The axillary artery can be divided into three parts (proximal to, posterior to, and distal to pectoralis minor). What are the branches of each part?

A

1st: Superior thoracic artery. 2nd: Thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery. 3rd: Subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex arteries. Screw The Lawyer Save A Patient (STLSAP).

39
Q

The axillary nerve exits the axilla via the […].

A

The axillary nerve exits the axilla via the quadrangular space.

40
Q

The radial nerve exits the axilla via the […].

A

The radial nerve exits the axilla via the triangular interval.

41
Q

Functions of biceps brachii muscle:

A

Flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm. Weakly flexes shoulder joint.

42
Q

Two branches of the radial nerve (and specific functions):

A

Deep and superficial branch. Deep branch: Motor function, innervates muscles in posterior forearm. Superficial branch: Sensory functions.

43
Q

Contents of the axilla:

A

Axillary artery, axillary vein, axillary lymph nodes, brachial plexus, biceps tendon (short head), coracobrachialis tendon. AAABBC.

44
Q

Palsies associated with injury to brachial plexus:

A

“Erb’s palsy (upper brachial plexus; C5, C6) and Klumpke’s palsy (lower brachial plexus; C8, T1). Erb’s palsy occurs due to a vaginal birth where the neck is excessively stretched. It presents as the ““waiter’s tip position””. Paralysis of biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis, deltoid and teres minor. Therefore, arm cannot be adducted, and is permanently extended, and it is medially rotated (due t

45
Q

Injury to the axillary nerve cause and effects:

A
46
Q

Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve cause and effects:

A
47
Q

Injury to the radial nerve cause and effects:

A

Causes: Fracture of proximal humerus at surgical neck/dislocation of shoulder (injury to axilla), mid-shaft fracture of humerus (injury within radial groove), injury in forearm of superficial branch (via stabbing/laceration) and deep branch (fracture of head of radius/posterior dislocation of radius).

48
Q

Injury to the median nerve causes and effects:

A
49
Q

Injuries to ulnar nerve causes and effects:

A
50
Q

Pectoralis major and minor innervation:

A

Pectoralis major: Medial and lateral pectoral nerve. Pectoralis minor: Medial pectoral nerve.

51
Q

Latissimus dorsi innervation:

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

52
Q

Rhomboids and levator scapulae innervation:

A

All by the dorsal scapular nerve.

53
Q

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus innervation:

A

Suprascapular nerve

54
Q

Subscapularis innervation:

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerve

55
Q

Teres major innervation:

A

Lower subscapular nerve

56
Q

Upper limb lymphatic drainage:

A
57
Q

Finger Flexors

A

Finger Flexors Toggle Masks

58
Q

The […] artery continues as the […] palmar arch. The […] artery continues as the […] palmar arch. The palmar arches […] with each other.

A

The ulnar artery continues as the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery continues as the deep palmar arch. The palmar arches anastomose with each other.

59
Q

What causes paralysis of serratus anterior? What does it result in?

A

Injury to long thoracic nerve. Results in winged scapula and inability to abduct arm beyond 90 degrees.

60
Q

Basilic vein joins with […] to form the […]. Cephalic vein drain into […] after coursing through the […]. […] vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins, and is a common site for […].

A

Basilic vein joins with venae comitantes to form the axillary vein. Cephalic vein drain into axillary vein after coursing through the deltopectoral groove. Median cubital vein connects the basilic and cephalic veins, and is a common site for venipuncture.

61
Q

Main ligaments stabilising shoulder joint (4):

A

Coracoacromial, coracohumeral, coracoclavicular, glenohumeral ligaments. Coracoclavicular ligament is the one connecting coracoid process to clavicle (in white).

62
Q

Myotome distribution of upper limb: C4 - […]. C5 - […], […], […]. C6 - […], […]. C7 - […], […]. C8 - […], […]. T1 - […].

A

Myotome distribution of upper limb: C4 - Shoulder shrugs. C5 - Shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation, elbow flexion. C6 - Elbow flexion, wrist extension. C7 - Elbow extension, wrist flexion. C8 - Thumb extension, finger flexion/extension. T1 - Finger abduction.

63
Q

All carpometacarpal joints are […] joints, except the […] carpometacarpal joint, which is a […] joint.

A

All carpometacarpal joints are plane joints, except the 1st carpometacarpal joint, which is a saddle joint. 1st carpometacarpal joint refers to the articulation between the trapezium and the base of the first metacarpal bone.

64
Q

All metacarpophalangeal joints are […] type.

A

All metacarpophalangeal joints are condyloid type.

65
Q

All interphalangeal joints are […] type.

A

All interphalangeal joints are hinge type.

66
Q

The wrist joint is a […] type. The […] bone does not form part of the wrist joint.

A

The wrist joint is a condyloid type. The pisiform bone does not form part of the wrist joint.

67
Q

Lumbricals arise from the tendons of the […].

A

Lumbricals arise from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus.

MSK (13 decks)

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