UK'S evolving human landscape

Question 1

what do upland areas of uk consst of

Answer 1

resistant igneous, metamorphic and some sedimentary rocks.

Question 2

what do low land areas of uk consist of

Answer 2

younger less resistant sedimentary rocks

Question 3

over 300 million years say the three tectonic processes that have affected rocks in the pennies

Answer 3

the plate on which the uk sits shifted away from the tropics

convection currents beneath the plate uplifted rocks from below the sea - becoming land

during uplift, some rocks snapped and moved along faults in a series of earthquakes over thousands of years. Each movement disturbed the strata so that they tilted. Sometimes the faults from a steep edge (called a fault scarp) where uplift has raised some parts more than others.

Question 4

aS THE pennines were uplifted , rivers like the wharfe eroded into them creating v shaped valleys . but the most recent ice age , over 10000 years ago, brought huge glaciers to the pennies. They had two effects:

Answer 4

1) Altering river valleys, making them deeper and widening them into U shaped troughs
2) As they melted, the glaciers left features like Malham Cove with a spectacular waterfall!

Question 5

rocks that make up the uk were formed in different ways. There are three main type of rock:

Answer 5

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

Question 6

igneous rocks

Answer 6

oldest rocks, formed from lavas and deep magmas. Were once molten then cooled and crystalised. Most igneous rocks and resistant to erosion

Question 7

sedimentary rocks

Answer 7

formed from sediments eroded and deposited by rivers, seas or sea beds. Some are resistant eg limestone while others crumble easily eg shale

Question 8

metamorphic rocks

Answer 8

are sedimentary rocks that were heated and compressed during igneous activity. Heating and compression harden them and make them resistant - shale becomes slate and limestone becomes marble

Question 9

what is relief

Answer 9

landscape

Question 10

what does relief (landscape ) depend greatly on

Answer 10

rock type

Question 11

to the north of the line and west are uplands of england wales and scotalnd. Here rocks are older, more resistant igneous and metamorphici eyc

Answer 11

to the south and east of the line are lowlands of central and southern england

Question 12

what makes the ground rough

Answer 12

fragments known as scree

Question 13

what does scree consist of

Answer 13

of anguar rock pieces created nu freeze thaw weathering.

Question 14

what else affects valley sides

Answer 14

slope processes

Question 15

population density

Answer 15

the average number of people in a given area , expressed as people per km squared. It’s obtained by dividing population by area

Question 16

where do people in the uk live and why

Answer 16

The UK’s population is unevenly distributed
Areas in the north of the UK are more sparsely populated
This is because:
Upland landscapes (e.g. Scottish Highlands) there are not a lot of people because a) the topography make it hard to build in these areas and b) hard to access, so there is a lack of infrastructure here to support a population and investment.
This links to UK physical landscapes! Be synoptic!
Areas n the south of the UK are more densely populated; this could be because of better climate.
Cornwall is sparsely populated as it is difficult to access
East Anglia is very flat, and therefore good for farming – not a lot of jobs here, so no urban population
Many of the cities is where the built up areas are.

Question 17

population density calculation

Answer 17

Area (〖𝑘𝑚〗^2)

Question 18

Name some of the most populated cities in the UK

Answer 18

The Uk’s major cities eg Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow.

Ppl migrate to these cities and regions for work and to spend mone earned there on housing, goods and services. This creates more jobs called the multiplier effect.

As the multiplier effect develops it spreads beyond the city, which becomes a centre of a core region. Cities merge with towns into Conurbations

Question 19

Explain what conurbation is with examples

Answer 19

is when cities merge with towns.

These then begin to influence a wider area, eg the region from which people commute to work. People earn money in the city, then take it home and spend it locally, boosting a wider region.

Question 20

Reasons behind the population distribution
What can this map tell us about the UK’s population distribution?
What is the main pattern, and why is this?
Can you spot any anomalies in the pattern?

Answer 20

Many cities have built up near coal fields, their growth due to the industrial growth in these areas.
London – no coal field – had grown due to trade rather than industrial revolution, as well as the Knowledge Economy.
Aberdeen – Since the discovery ofNorth Sea oilin the 1970s, Aberdeen has been known as the off-shore oil capital of Europe.
South coast – Weather, coastal location and some links into London (esp Brighton)
NOTE: Although the Northern region has seen much de-industrialisation,
the core cities like Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds and Sheffield still
help to drive the economy. This concept has been named The ‘Northern Powerhouse’

Question 21

Reasons behind the population distribution

Answer 21

ANSWERS
1. What is the main pattern, and why is this?

Most urban areas have built up around coal fields e.g. Leeds, Nottingham, Newcastle, Manchester
This is due to industrialisation and the coal powered the industrial activity in these cities attracting people to live and work there.

2. Can you spot any anomalies in the pattern?

London – no coal field; built up due to trade
Aberdeen – no coal field; built up due to North Sea Oil
South coast – no coal field; built up due to tourism

Question 22

Population Density is measured in?

Answer 22

People per square kilometre

Question 23

What is a conurbation?

Answer 23

A larger urban area that consists of many settlements that have merged together e.g. Greater London. They will be surrounded by a larger, connected region like Hertfordshire, Essex and Surrey.

Question 24

Why did many of our settlements grow?

Answer 24

Resources - based upon coalfields - and the industrial growth that occurred.

Question 25

4. Why has London grown?

Answer 25

Growth based upon trade (River Thames), close to the EU, well connected globally and investment from many different industries.

Question 26

Why are places sparse? Give an example

Answer 26

Poor connections (travel and broadband). Fewer industries, physical geography issues like climate and relief (shape of the land)
Central Wales, Northern Scotland

Question 27

Problems faced by the rural periphery

Answer 27

age
Many young people leave rural areas.
This often leaves an ageing population which puts pressure on local services such as the NHS. Older people often retire to rural areas.
Resultant services/facilities maintained do not attract younger (working) people.

brain
Younger, more upwardly mobile people move away in search of better economic and cultural opportunities. This has a negative impact on rural communities and the economy…

lower income
There are fewer jobs opportunities in rural areas and many rural jobs are seasonal or lower paid such as in tourism and farming.
The quality of living is lower here too as a result (lack of accessible/higher quality heath care, education)

Remote Location
This makes transport and communications difficult so ability to trade and access to services becomes limited.
Businesses are hindered as they can’t efficiently communicate.
Transport costs can be very expensive with long distances involved.

Question 28

UK Policy to improve QOL across all of the UK

Answer 28

TheNorthern Powerhouseis a older Government policy to boost economic growth in theNorth of England particularly in the “Core Cities” ofHull,Manchester,Liverpool,Leeds,SheffieldandNewcastle.The proposal is to regenerate many areas affected by Deindustrialisation and reposition the British economy away from London and the South East.
The Levelling Up policy – this is a current UK policy. It aims to reduce the economic and social differences between the regions in the UK. This includes investing more in towns and cities away from London and the South East and investing in rural and coastal areas that are run down and lack opportunities for the young.

Question 29

Solutions to the rural-urban gap

Answer 29

One issue with peripheral areas is that they don’t receive the same amount of funding as the core areas.
The government is very keen to reduce the ‘rural-urban gap’ and ensure a more equitable quality of life across the country. A variety of strategies are used with advantages and disadvantages.

Question 30

Outline how UK governments have attempted to reduce differences between peripheral regions and core regions’ (4)

Answer 30

Special Economic Zones like Newquay Aerohub in Cornwall (1) aim to make certain areas such as former mining more attractive to investors by reducing taxes and other benefits like fast broadband (1). This encourages businesses to move in and can create a multiplier effect in the local economy. (1)
Transport developments (1) development of M4 and M5 (1) seek to help connect peripheral regions and afford greater access to urban markets (1) (but some areas are still lacking)
Regional development funds (1) help to invest money in poorer areas creating jobs/small businesses and stimulate the local economy (1). An examples is Lobb’s Farmshop in Cornwall.
Linking more areas with optic fibre/broadband (1) allows local businesses to communicate effectively (1) / allows new businesses to be able to communicate and grow in more rural areas (1

Question 31

What has happened to the UK population since 1965?

Answer 31

The population has increased from 54.3 million to 65 million in 2015.
It has increased by 10 million.

Question 32

NET MIGRATION

Answer 32

the difference between people entering the country and leaving the country.

Question 33

Explain 3 reasons as to why the UK has seen an increase in population

Answer 33

1 - eu membership, whereby anyone in the EU is free to move and work in any member state

2- Globalisation, which has revolutionised migration to the uK. London’s konwledhe economy needs highly qualified skilled people and the UK cannot provide all it needs

3- more women at older ages choosing to have children but who had previously postponed having them for career reasons

increasing number of overseas born women who often have higher fertility rates then UK- born wome (eg for religious reasons)

Question 34

How has migration to the UK changed over time?

Answer 34

middle ages - Britain has always had immigration predominantly from European countries, eg the Romans , The Angles from Germany in the 5th century

Liverpool and Bristol play host to Britain’s first notable black communtities due to the cities links with the slave trade. They are later joined by Chinese labourers in the 19th century

Due to labour shortages in jobs like NHS and railways after WW2, UK starts inviting workers from Commonwealth countries like Pakistan and the Caribbean. This leads to mass immigration and foreign born population.

But in 1970-90s labour shortages are over and government makes it harder to immigrate to Uk

Later membership of EU and the movement of people leads to millions of people from countres like Poland, Romania and Frnace to moce to UK.

Question 35

The UK population has increased between 1965 and 2015 – by how muchThe two main reasons for this are?

Answer 35

By over 10 million
Positive net migration (more people moving in than leaving)
2. Rising birth rate (older mothers and more children from foreign born mothers). This leads to natural increase (birth rate is higher than the death rate.

Question 36

What percentage of the UK population are foreign-born?

Answer 36

15% of the UK population is now foreign born (1931 census 1.75%)

Question 37

Which areas are gaining and losing population?

Answer 37

London and the areas surrounding it are gaining population whilst regions, such as the North and rural Wales, are losing population.

Question 38

Who will leave London and the Core South East and why?

Answer 38

Retirees often live in the countryside or on the coast. Many families are leaving London because of the high cost of living.

Question 39

Positive impacts of immigration for the UK

Answer 39

Tend to be economically active so increase tax revenues to fund an ageing population

bring new skills

fill job vacancies

broaden cultue eg food music etc

tend to be between 20-40 so improve the dependency ration

Question 40

Negative impacts of immigration for the UK

Answer 40

Can lead to a loss of British culture and traditions
Translation costs for services such as the Police and education
Rapid influx of people can lead to community integration problemsCan increase competition for jobsPut pressure on services such as schools and hospitals

Question 41

Immigration over the last 50 years has been largely positive for the UK’

Answer 41

8 marker

Question 42

High India people here

Answer 42

because India is a formal colony of UK they are invited to work in the UK

Question 43

why Polands

Answer 43

it is in Eastern Europe and in 2004 EU expanded and 10 countries joined EU, 8 of them from Eastern Europe and people from Poland came since they can work and earn more money

Question 44

USA AND CHINA

Answer 44

DEVELOPING AND HIGH SKILLED WORKERS THAT CAN WORK FOR KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY, HIGH SKILLED JOBS AND WELL PAYED IN UK

Question 45

Primary Activity

Answer 45

Jobs involving natural resources.Extracting or growing; farmer, logger, fisherman

Question 46

Secondary Activity

Answer 46

Where natural resources are turned into goods we can useManufacturing or making; factory

Question 47

Secondary Activity

Answer 47

Where natural resources are turned into goods we can useManufacturing or making; factory

Question 48

Tertiary Activity

Answer 48

An industry that provides a service for people.Providing a service; nurse, doctor, teacher, cashier

Question 49

Quaternary Activity

Answer 49

Specialises in research and innovation.Lab/ medical researcher

Question 50

OLD ECONOMY –

Answer 50

the primary and secondary industry. This has declined in the UK.

Question 51

W ECONOMY

Answer 51

the tertiary and quaternary industry. This has increased over time in the UK.

Question 52

NEW ECONOMY

Answer 52

People are more affluent, so more money to spend on service. There is more technology which requires more services too. People aspire to work in these jobsThis may be because there are machines to do jobs, the jobs are lower paid, they can be dangerous and long hours. Globalisation also means it’s easy and cheaper to import goods into the UK rather than to manufacture here.

Question 53

OLD ECONOMY

Answer 53

In the UK, the primary industry has declined (70% employed in pre-industrial times compared to 10% in post industrial years). This may be because people get paid less in these jobs; they are unsociable hours. Resources may have depleted or may be expensive to extract or it’s cheaper to import (e.g. steel)Employment in the tertiary industry has risen from 10% to 55%. More recently there are more employed in the quaternary industry has also risen.

Question 54

OLD ECONOMY

Answer 54

The secondary industry increased from 20% to nearly 50% during the industrial revolution, as there would have been more jobs in manufacturing. However, the jobs have since declined to 30% now.

Question 55

What do we know?

Answer 55

The UK has seen a decline in primary and secondary jobs – a decline in the OLD ECONOMY. The decline in these industries and those linked to it is called DE-INDUSTRIALISATION. This has led to regional changes: different impacts on the SOUTH EAST and NORTH of the UK

E.g. Dinnington Colliery in Yorkshire closed down in 1992. Previously the town had been thriving as many generations were employed and well paid in secure jobs.

As a result, people are now employed in the tertiary sector but the quality of job is not always good:
Many people have to travel further afield for work
Many new jobs are temporary, some on zero hours contracts
Jobs are often low skilled, part time and pay is lower
This part of the NEW ECONOMY is often referred to as the GIG ECONOMY.

Secondary Industry still exists in the North – for example the Nissan Factory in Sunderland is Europe’s largest car factory.
The Government needs to address these issues by investing in the NORTHERN POWERHOUSE.

Question 56

Specific changes in London

Answer 56

Parts of the South East ‘Core’, like the London Docklands, did experience deindustrialisation, but the impacts have been different here.

The area has been rebranded - the place is re-developed and marketed so that business is attracted back to the area:
The Government have invested £1.8 billion which has improved transport links to the Docklands areas
New industries have emerged to replace the old ones. These jobs are in tertiary and quaternary industries – the NEW ECONOMY – but are especially in the KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY (jobs based upon specialised knowledge and skills)
Together with ‘The City’ this has strengthened London’s role as an Alpha World City

Question 57

Explain how the rural economy has changed over time?

Explain how advancement in technology has led to more work flexibility

Answer 57

Many traditional farming areas will also diversify - add another revenue to their primary farming businesses – a farm shop, camping site or a festival.

Question 58

The UK has seen a ______ from the Old Economy to the New Economy.
This means a decline in primary and secondary jobs (__________________) and an increase in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
In many Northern regions, the New Economy consists of many low _____, low _______ jobs, often with __________contracts.
This also applies to the South East and London, but in this region massive investment from the Government and overseas investment (FDI) has led to the expansion of well paid Tertiary jobs and the _______________economy.
These high paid, high skilled jobs attract many people from other regions (like a magnet) but it leads to the _______ _______in those areas.
There needs to be investment in all _________of the UK to create a wide variety of well paid, specialised jobs so that people don’t need to move to London.
Such an example is the policy of the ‘Northern______________’ which aims to improve investment in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Leeds.
This would take pressure off the ‘overheated’ South East ________.

Answer 58

SHIFT
DEINDUSTRIALISATION
PAID
SKILLED
TEMPORARY
KNOWLEDGE
BRAIN DRAIN
REGIONS
POWERHOUSE
CORE

Question 59

Gig Economy

Answer 59

Tertiary jobs in the New Economy - low paid, low skilled, often temporary or zero hours contracts

Question 60

De-industrialisation

Answer 60

The process to describe the decline in the ‘Old Economy

Question 61

Knowledge Economy

Answer 61

A job sector in the ‘New Economy’ that requires large amounts of skill and training.

Question 62

TNC (Transnational Corporation):

Answer 62

is a global company, which has operations in more than one country. E.g. Headquarters (HIC), manufacturing (emerging country), sells globally.

Question 63

Globalisation:

Answer 63

: is the world becoming more connected. When trade, investment, transport and communications build more and more connections across the world

Question 64

How is a TNC like Virgin, part of the globalisation process?

Answer 64

Find out

Question 65

Explain how TNCs play an important part in this process. Give examples of global TNCs and explain how they operate (type of industry, location of HQ etc.)

Answer 65

TNCs shape patterns of consumption. They are global in their nature and globalisation means they can operate in more than one country. They encourage migration, through building factories in emerging countries, creating jobs. In addition, they create high paid and high skilled jobs in their headquarters, meaning elite migrations travel to work for them too.

Question 66

What other factors facilitate globalisation? (what things make it possible/easier?)

Answer 66

Free trade and movement of people (within Trade Blocs) means people moving/ migrating internationally
International organisations because they work internationally
Improved transport systems and technology – people can get to places faster; it’s easier and cheaper to travel now
Improved communications networks/ media organisations – the internet means we can have contact with people globally.

Question 67

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment):

Answer 67

): is an investment made by a company or organisation based in one country, into another country.

UK TNCs like BP, Barclays and Virgin invest around the world but the process is ‘two way traffic.’ i.e. Foreign TNCs/ countries also invest in the UK and are encouraged to do so by our government

Question 68

Many overseas companies and countries see the UK as a good place to invest because…

Answer 68

The UK is seen as a solid, democratic country so investments are safe.
Our legal systems are seen as being safe and regulated i.e. not corrupt
The UK government has ‘privatised’ many companies like Thames Water, and foreign countries are allowed to buy them.
Previously, membership of the EU has enabled free trade and movement within the Trade Bloc. Companies can make goods in one country but not get taxed when trying to sell them in another.
We have a specialism in the Knowledge Economy and London is an Alpha World City that has connections all round the globe especially financially.
The UK is well connected: airports, broadband which helps with investment.
The Government has encouraged investment which then improves its relationship with other countries.

Question 69

TASK
How do you feel about FDI in the UK?
How might it change in the future? Why?
Hint: think about the changes in relationships with countries (power relationships) and consider BREXIT!

Answer 69

Revise for this, focusing on FDI (today’s lesson