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Geography > UK Physical Landscape: Rivers > Flashcards

UK Physical Landscape: Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Source

A

The start of the river

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2
Q

Confluence

A

Point where two rivers join

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3
Q

Tributaries

A

Where the smaller river joins the main river

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4
Q

Watershed

A

Imaginary line which separate two drainage basins

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5
Q

Mouth

A

A river flows into the lake, sea or ocean

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6
Q

Upper course

A

Shallow

Slowest

V-shaped

Steepest

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7
Q

Middle course

A

Deeper

Faster

U-shaped

Flatter

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8
Q

Lower course

A

Deepest

Fastest

Open floodplain

Flattest

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9
Q

Erosion

A

Same four as coasts, only the processes act upon the river bank / bed

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10
Q

Transportation

A

Same four as coasts, but work from upper to lower course

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11
Q

Deposition

A

River will drop load when it loses energy

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12
Q

Interlocking spurs / v-shaped valley (UPPER COURSE)

A

The river erodes vertically and therefore is unstable

Gravity causes it to collapse = v-shaped valley

The process repeats, deepening the valley

As the river flows through the valley it is forced to swing from side to side (spurs)

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13
Q

Waterfalls / gorges (UPPER COURSE)

A

Waterfalls form when there is hard rock on top of soft rock

The soft rock is eroded through hydraulic action and abrasion

This leaves an overhang of hard rock which becomes undercut and collapses due to gravity; creating a plunge pool

Overtime the waterfall retreats due to headward erosion creating gorges (steep-sided river valleys)

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14
Q

Meanders (MIDDLE COURSE)

A

Lateral erosion widens the river

The current of the river is pushed towards the outside bend and therefore there is more erosion; hydraulic action and abrasion

The lateral erosion on the outside bend causes undercutting

Water on the inner bend is slower, causing material to be deposited creating a slip of slope

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15
Q

Ox-bow lakes (MIDDLE COURSE)

A

The neck of the meander has become narrower due to more erosion

The neck of the meander becomes cut through

Deposition seals off the end of the old meander

Vegetation grows in between the ox-bow lake and the river

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16
Q

Floodplains (LOWER COURSE)

A

Erosion removes any steep valley sides creating a wide flat area on either side of the river

During a flood, material carried by the river is deposited, building up the floodplain

Meanders migrating across the floodplain also makes it wider

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17
Q

Leeves (LOWER COURSE)

A

Leeves are natural embankments along the edges of a river channel

During a flood, eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain

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18
Q

Estuaries (LOWER COURSE)

A

The water floods over the banks of the river carrying the silt and sand onto the valley floor

As the tide reaches its highest point, the water moves slowly and the sediment is deposited

Over time this builds up more, creating large mudflats

At low tides, the wide mudflats are exposed

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19
Q

River Tees

A

Location - North East

Source - Pennine Hills near Cross Fell (893m)

Mouth - Middlesbrough at the North Sea

Upper course landform - High Force waterfall and gorges

Middle / lower course landforms - meanders, levees and floodplains

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20
Q

Human factors causing flooding

A

Deforestation

Urbanisation

Climate change

Storage reservoirs

21
Q

Physical / Natural factors causing flooding

A

Relief of land

Prolonged or antecedent rainfall

Soil saturation

Climate change

22
Q

Lag time (hydrograph)

A

How long it takes the river to fill up

23
Q

Peak discharge (hydrograph)

A

Maximum discharge in the river

24
Q

Rising limb (Hydrograph)

A

The rising flood water in the river

25
Q

Falling limb (hydrograph)

A

The falling flood water in the river

26
Q

Hard engineering

A

Dams - man made barriers holding out water

Channel straightening - when a meander is engineered to become straighter

Embankments - artificially raised river bank

Flood relief channel - artificially made channel designed to back a frequently flooding channel

27
Q

Dams - advantages

A

Environmental - turbines can be placed in dams

Economic - creates jobs when building

Social - attracts tourists

28
Q

Dams - disadvantages

A

Environmental - create earthquakes when building

Economic - expensive

Social - farmers homes are flooded

29
Q

Channel straightening - advantages

A

Environmental - flood risk is reduced

Economic - improve navigation and trade

Social - increase in homeowner confidence

30
Q

Channel straightening - disadvantages

A

Environmental - animals’ habitats are destroyed

Economic - expensive

Social - unnatractive

31
Q

Embankments - advantages

A

Environmental - lowered risks to settlements

Economic - cheapest solution

Social - provides walking routes

32
Q

Embankments - disadvantages

A

Environmental - water lies on land for a long time

Economic - high maintenance cost as repairs needed

Social - people cannot fish or boat in the river

33
Q

Flood relief channel - advantages

A

Environmental - removes risk of flooding

Economic - insurance costs are lower

Social - recreational area for boating and canoeing

34
Q

Flood relief channel - disadvantages

A

Environmental - home downstream suffer from flood

Economic - expensive

Social - people have to move

35
Q

Soft engineering

A

Flood plain zoning - restrictions preventing buildings on flood plains

Flood warnings - the environment agency warning people about flooding through media

Preparation - when buildings are modified to reduce damage

Planting trees - increases interception of water, increases lag time

River restoration - making the river natural by removing man-made leeves

36
Q

Flood plain zoning - advantages

A

Environmental - the impact of flooding is reduced

Economic - no buildings are damaged

37
Q

Flood plain zoning - disadvantages

A

Economic - expansion of urban areas is limited

Social - no help in areas already built on

38
Q

Flood warnings - advantages

A

Environmental - the impact of flooding is reduced

Social - warnings give time for people to move

39
Q

Flood warning - disadvantages

A

Environmental - does not stop the flood

Social - some may not have access to the media

40
Q

Preparation - advantages

A

Environmental - impact of flooding is reduced

Social - people won’t worry about the floods

41
Q

Preparation - disadvantages

A

Environmental - doesn’t guarantee safety

Economic - expensive to modify buildings

42
Q

Planting trees - advantages

A

Environmental - discharge and flood risk are reduced + provide habitats for wildlife

43
Q

Planting trees - disadvantages

A

Environmental - less land available for farming

44
Q

River restoration - advantages

A

Environmental - discharge is reduced, so less flooding

Economic - little maintenance

45
Q

River restoration - disadvantages

A

Environmental - local flood risk can increase

46
Q

Banbury

A

Location - Cotswold Hills, 50km north of Oxford

Flooding history - 1998 was the closure of towns and railways
2007 homes were destroyed

2012 scheme - flow control structures, embankments, pumping station, BAP

47
Q

Benefits of the 2012 Banbury scheme

A

Creates a reservoir

Protects 441 houses

Reduces anxiety

Does not disrupt life

48
Q

Costs of the 2012 Banbury scheme

A

Floodplain will be flooded

Costs £11.5 million

180,000 tonnes of soil needed

Geography (8 decks)

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