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Geography > Paper 1: Coasts > Flashcards

Paper 1: Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Relief

A

Physical features of landscapes (steepness, height above sea level)

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2
Q

Fetch

A

The distance over which wind has blown

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3
Q

Constructive Waves

A

Build a beach

Strong swash

Wave crests far apart

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4
Q

Destructive Waves

A

Destroy a beach

Strong backwash

Wave crest close together

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5
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

The breaking of rocks at the base of the cliff

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6
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Acidic rainwater dissolving rock

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7
Q

Biological Weathering

A

Plant roots grow into rocks, animals burrow into rocks

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8
Q

Rockfall

A

Fragments of rock break away from cliff face

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9
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rocks slide downhill

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10
Q

Mud flow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope

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11
Q

Rotational slip

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flow along a curved surface

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12
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Power of waves as they smash into rocks

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13
Q

Abrasion

A

Pebbles grinding over a rocky platform, making it smooth

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14
Q

Attrition

A

Rock fragments knocking against one and other, therefore making it smaller and rounded

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15
Q

Solution (erosion)

A

The dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks

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16
Q

Suspension

A

Particles suspended in water

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17
Q

Traction

A

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

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18
Q

Saltation

A

‘Bouncing’ of particles too heavy to be suspended

19
Q

Solution (transportation)

A

Dissolved chemicals

20
Q

Long Shore Drift (LSD)

A

The movement of material in a zig zag motion along the coast, usually in the direction of the prevailing winds

21
Q

Headlands

A

Formed on dis-concordant coastlines

Hard rock cannot be worn away leaving hard rock sticking out

22
Q

Bays

A

Formed on dis-concordant coastlines

Destructive waves erode soft rock to leave an indent on cliff face

23
Q

Wave-cut platform & notch

A

Sea attacks the base of the cliff through destructive waves, creating a wave cut notch until the cliff collapses into a wave cut platform

24
Q

Crack into stump

A

Lines of weakness appear and turns into cracks

The crack grows through hydraulic action and abrasion into a cave

The cave becomes an arch and undergoes undercutting

The arch’s roof collapses due to erosion and gravity creating a stack

The stack erodes and collapses creating a stump

25
Q

Swanage

A

Located in a sheltered bay, broad sandy beach
Headlands and bays
159km of coast

Landform names and locations -

Indented coastlines (dis-concordant coastlines)
Poole Harbour
Two spits at the mouth of the harbour
Old Harry (stack)

26
Q

Beach

A

Landform of deposition created with sand, shingle and slit

27
Q

Spit

A

Longshore drift transports sediment along the coastline

When the coastline changes direction (due to prevailing winds) the deposited sediment builds up, forming a narrow strip of land

Over time, the spit extends further into the water

If wind and wave directions change, the tip of the spit may curve, forming a hooked end

A salt marsh may develop behind the spit in the sheltered area

28
Q

Bar

A

When ridges of sand stretch from one bay to another, forming a lagoon behind it

29
Q

Sand dunes

A

Small hills behind the beach, to form there must be a good supply of dry sand, wide and vegetation.

30
Q

Sea walls - disadvantages

A

Expensive

Damages landscape

31
Q

Sea walls - advantages

A

Prevents flooding

Creates a promenade

32
Q

Groynes - advantages

A

Cheap

Builds up beach

Counteracts LSD

33
Q

Groynes - disadvantages

A

Starve other places of sand

34
Q

Rock armour - advantages

A

Cheap

Easy to maintain

Used for fishing

35
Q

Rock armour - disadvantages

A

Expensive to transport materials

Obtrusive

36
Q

Gabions - advantages

A

Cheap to produce

Merge with landscape

Improve drainage of cliffs

37
Q

Gabions - disadvantages

A

Looks unattractive

Only lasts 5 - 10 years

38
Q

Beach nourishment - disadvantages

A

Needs maintenance unless structures are built

39
Q

Beach nourishment - advantages

A

Cheap

Blends in with the beach

Increases tourism

40
Q

Dune regeneration - advantages

A

Coastal environment is maintained

Cheap

41
Q

Dune regeneration - disadvantages

A

Time consuming to plant marram grass

Can be damaged by storms

42
Q

Dune fencing - advantages

A

Can control access to other ecosystems

43
Q

Dune fencing - disadvantages

A

Unsightly

Maintenance needed after storms

44
Q

Lyme Regis

A

Phase 1 - new sea walls and promenades

Phase 2 - new sea walls, promenades and a creation of a wide beach

Phase 3 - not undertaken (costs outweighed the benefits)

Phase 4 - new 390m sea wall in front of the existing sea wall

Geography (18 decks)

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