Paper 1: Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Relief

A

Physical features of landscapes (steepness, height above sea level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fetch

A

The distance over which wind has blown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Constructive waves

A

Build a beach

Strong swash

Wave crests far apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Destructive Waves

A

Destroy a beach

Strong backwash

Wave crest close together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

The breaking of rocks at the base of the cliff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Acidic rainwater dissolving rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Biological weathering

A

Plant roots grow into rocks, animals burrow into rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rockfall

A

Fragments of rock break away from cliff face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Landslide

A

Blocks of rocks slide downhill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mud flow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rotational slip

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flow along a curved surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Power of waves as they smash into rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Abrasion

A

Pebbles grinding over a rocky platform, making it smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Attrition

A

Rock fragments knocking against one and other, therefore making it smaller and rounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Solution (erosion)

A

The dissolving of soluble chemicals in rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Suspension

A

Particles suspended in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Traction

A

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Saltation

A

‘Bouncing’ of particles too heavy to be suspended

19
Q

Solution (transportation)

A

Dissolved chemicals

20
Q

Long shore drift (LSD)

A

Longshore drift is the movement of sediment along the coastline

It occurs when waves approach the shore at an angle due to the prevailing wind

The swash carries material up the beach at 45 degrees

Then, the backwash pulls the material straight back down the beach due to gravity

This zigzag movement transports material along the coast

21
Q

Headlands

A

Formed on dis-concordant coastlines

Hard rock cannot be worn away leaving hard rock sticking out

22
Q

Bays

A

Formed on dis-concordant coastlines

Destructive waves erode soft rock to leave an indent on cliff face

23
Q

Wave-cut platform & notch

A

Waves constantly hit the base of a cliff, eroding it through hydraulic action and abrasion

This creates a wave-cut notch at the base of the cliff

As the notch gets deeper, the rock above becomes unstable and eventually collapses

This process repeats, causing the cliff to retreat inland

The rock left at the base of the cliff forms a wave-cut platform, which is smooth and slopes gently towards the sea

24
Q

Crack into stump

A

Lines of weakness appear and turns into cracks

The crack grows through hydraulic action and abrasion into a cave

The cave becomes an arch and undergoes undercutting

The arch’s roof collapses due to erosion and gravity creating a stack

The stack erodes and collapses creating a stump

25
Swanage
Located in a sheltered bay, broad sandy beach Headlands and bays 159km of coast Landform names and locations - Indented coastlines (dis-concordant coastlines) Poole Harbour Two spits at the mouth of the harbour Old Harry (stack)
26
Beach
Landform of deposition created with sand, shingle and slit
27
Spit
Longshore drift transports sediment along the coastline When the coastline changes direction (due to prevailing winds) the deposited sediment builds up, forming a narrow strip of land Over time, the spit extends further into the water If wind and wave directions change, the tip of the spit may curve, forming a hooked end A salt marsh may develop behind the spit in the sheltered area
28
Bar
A bar forms when longshore drift transports sediment along the coastline If there is a bay or river mouth, the sediment can build up across it When the spit extends all the way across, it connects two headlands and cuts off the bay behind it This forms a bar, and the water trapped behind can create a lagoon
29
Sand dunes
Small hills behind the beach, to form there must be a good supply of dry sand, wide and vegetation.
30
Sea walls - disadvantages
Expensive Damages landscape
31
Sea walls - advantages
Prevents flooding Creates a promenade
32
Groynes - advantages
Cheap Builds up beach Counteracts LSD
33
Groynes - disadvantages
Starve other places of sand
34
Rock armour - advantages
Cheap Easy to maintain Used for fishing
35
Rock armour - disadvantages
Expensive to transport materials Obtrusive
36
Gabions - advantages
Cheap to produce Merge with landscape Improve drainage of cliffs
37
Gabions - disadvantages
Looks unattractive Only lasts 5 - 10 years
38
Beach nourishment - disadvantages
Needs maintenance unless structures are built
39
Beach nourishment - advantages
Cheap Blends in with the beach Increases tourism
40
Dune regeneration - advantages
Coastal environment is maintained Cheap
41
Dune regeneration - disadvantages
Time consuming to plant marram grass Can be damaged by storms
42
Dune fencing - advantages
Can control access to other ecosystems
43
Dune fencing - disadvantages
Unsightly Maintenance needed after storms
44
Lyme Regis
Phase 1 - new sea walls and promenades Phase 2 - new sea walls, promenades and a creation of a wide beach Phase 3 - not undertaken (costs outweighed the benefits) Phase 4 - new 390m sea wall in front of the existing sea wall