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Geography > uk landscape + costal landscape > Flashcards

uk landscape + costal landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

are low land or upland areas better for farming

A

lowland

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2
Q

what are the differenet types of waves

A

constructive
destructive

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3
Q

what are constructive waves

A
  • not tall
  • calm
  • longer wavelength
  • low frequency
  • strong wash + weak backwash - more material is deposited onto beach than the weak backwash can take away
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4
Q

what are destructive waves

A
  • taller
  • more frequent
  • cause most erosion of coastlines
  • stronger back wash than wash
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5
Q

what is freeze thaw weathering

A
  • water fills a crack in a rock and freezes.
  • Water expands when it freezes causing the crack to get wider and deeper.
  • When the ice melts, there is now a larger crack that fills with water and then freezes again.
  • This process can cause significant erosion on coastlines over time.
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6
Q

what are the two types of weathering

A

chemical
mechanical

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7
Q

What is the main type of mechanical weathering affecting coasts?

A

freeze thaw

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8
Q

If the conditions are warm and wet, which kind of weathering is most likely to take place?

A

chemical

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9
Q

what is mass movement

A

Mass movement describes the large movement of soil and rock down the slope of a hill or cliff

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10
Q

what causes mass movement

A

weatehring erosion and gravity

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11
Q

what are rockfalls

A

Rockfalls are when the cliff break and crumble down the cliff.

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12
Q

what is a slide

A

Slides are when material moves down a slope in a straight line.

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13
Q

what are slumps

A

Slumps are when material moves down a slope at a curve.

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14
Q

what is hydraulic action

A

when the force of a wave hits a cliff face and causes rock to break off

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15
Q

what is attrittion

A

when small bits of materials are carried by waves and hot against eahc other causing them to break apart

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16
Q

what is solution

A

where weak acids in sea water dissolve souble rocks like limestone

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17
Q

what is abrasion

A

where peices of material are picked up by waves and hit and scrape against the side of a cliff which wears it away

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18
Q

how does a wave cut platform form

A
  • Hydraulic action and abrasion wear away the base of the cliff around the high tide mark.
  • Eventually, this erosion causes a wave-cut notch to form.
  • Continued erosion of the wave-cut notch causes the rock above it to become less and less stable until it collapses.
  • Waves wash away the debris from the cliff collapse.
  • The destructive waves begin to erode the cliff, causing a new wave-cut notch to form.
  • As stages 1-3 happen again and again, more debris falls into the ocean and the cliff retreats.
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19
Q

What is needed for headlands and bays to form?

A

bands of hard rock and soft rock

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20
Q

what is Backwash

A

Carries material down the beach at right angles to the coastline.

21
Q

what si swash

A

Carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves.

22
Q

What determines the angle at which the swash moves up the beach?

A

prevailing wind direction

23
Q

what are the processes of transportation

A
  • saltation
  • soultion
  • traction
  • suspension
24
Q

what is solution

A

a soultion si where rocks that are souble are dissolved by water

25
Q

what is supension

A

where sediment is suspened in water and are transported along the water

26
Q

what is saltation

A

where small sand and gravel particles bounce along the sea bed

27
Q

what is traction

A

where large rocks are dragged along seabed by current

28
Q

What do we call the dropping of material in seawater onto the coast?

A

deposition

29
Q

what type of waves cause costal deposition

A

constructive

30
Q

what are spits

A

spits are piles of sand taht create sheltered zone son the coast

31
Q

what is a bar

A

a bar is created when spits grow across a bay

32
Q

what is a sand dune

A

a pile of sand at teh backof a pay created by winds

33
Q

what are sea walls

A

tehy are walls mad eout of hard materals like rock to block waves
there shape is designed to reflect the waves power back out to sea

34
Q

what do groynes do

A

tehys top the process of long shore drift by trapping material

35
Q

what is rock armour

A

pile of rocks dumped at the foot of a cliff and forces waves to break

36
Q

what are gabions

A

wire cages full of rocks that support a cliff or be a buffer against the sea

37
Q

what are the pros of sea walls

A
  • efective
  • often has walkway
38
Q

what are cons of sea walls

A
  • expensive
  • look unatural and obstructive
  • high maintanince
39
Q

what are pros of groynes

A
  • create wider beach
  • not too expensive
40
Q

what are the cons of groynes

A
  • starve beaches futhuer along the coast
  • unnatural and unnatrractive
41
Q

whata r ethe types of hard engineering

A
  • sea wall
  • gabbions
  • rock armour
  • groynes
42
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

adding more sand to a beach

43
Q

what is dune regeneration

A

act as buffers to the sea

44
Q

what are the pros of beach nourishment

A
  • blends in withe xisting beach
  • creates bigger ebach so increases tourism
45
Q

what can the cons of beach nourishment

A
  • expensive
  • needs constant maintance
46
Q

whata re the pros of dune regeneration

A
  • maintains natural costline
  • cheap
47
Q

what are the cons of dune regeneration

A
  • can be damaged
  • time consuming
48
Q

what are examples of soft engineering for coasts

A

beach nourishment
dune regeneration

Geography (8 decks)

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