tectonic hazards Flashcards
where do earthquakes occur?
at plate margins
how do the plates move at constructive plate margins
they move away from each other
how do the plates move at destructive margins
towards each other
where do volcanos occur
volcanoes occur in long belts that follow plate margins
at which type of plate margins can volcanoes occur
- constructive and destructive
what is a hot spot
parts of the mantle which are really hot
how do the plates move at conservative plate margins
where the two plates are moving sideways past each other, or moving in the same direction but at different speeds
what is magma like at constructive margins?
very hot and fluid and lava will flow a long way before cooling - usually forms shield volcanoes
what happens at destructive margins
when an oceanic and continental plate meet, the denser oceanic plate sub ducts ( forced into the mantle) and destroyed creating magma - ocean trenches occur here
when two continental plates meet the ground is folded upwards making fold mountains
what happens at a constructive margin?
when the two plates move away from each other magma rises to fill the gap and cools, creating new crust.
what is the key information on the New Zealand ( HIC)
- (5 things)
- kaikoura ( new zealnd)
- 14th of November 2016
- GPD per captia - US 40,331
- plate boundary - destructive and conservative - the pacific plate sub ducts beneath Australian plate to the north and sliding past in the south
- 7.8 magnitude
what were the primary affects of new zealand eatrthquake
HIC
- 2 people died
- 50 people were injured
- tens of thousands of houses were destroyed and damaged
- 60 people needed emergency housing
- US 8.5 billion - cost of damaged
- over 200km of road destroyed
- communications,water and power supplies were cut off
what were the secondary affects of the New zealand earthquake
- triggered up to 100,000 land slides which blocked major roads and rail routes
- a major landslide blocked clarence river leading to flooding and evacuation of 10 farms
- generated tsunami with wave of 5 m
what were the immediate responses for the New Zealand earthquake?
- tsunami warning - residents of coastal areas told to go to higher ground
- people housed in emergency centres
- 200 vulnerable people evacuated from kaikoura by helicopter
- power restored to most places
- temporary water supplies set up
- international warships were sent with supplies e.g food medicine, portable toilets
what were the long term Reponses of the New Zealand earthquake
- most road are rails were opened within 2 years
- the kaikoura mayoral earthquake relief fund was set up to support residents who couldn’t afford basic supplies
- 5.3 million of funding was provided by kaikouras district council to help with rebuilding
name the 3 layers of the earth
the core, the crust and the mantle
Tectonic plates move according to the movements below in the _______
mantle
where do convection currents happen
in the upper mantle
What are the potential products of volcanic eruptions?
- gas
- ash
- lava
- pyroclastic flows
what is the key information of the Nepal earthquake 2015
- 25th April 2015
- 7.8 magnitude
- destructive plate margin
- the indo Australian plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate
- GDP - US 690
what were the primary affects of the Nepal 2015 earthquakes
- 9000 people died
- 20000 injured
- 4 million people left homeless
- overall cost of US 5 billion
electricity and water effected - roads and bridges were destroyed
what were the secondary effects of the Nepal 2015 earthquake?
- land slides + avalanche causing road blockages
- avalanche in mount Everest kill 18 people
- landslide blocked river causing river to flood making people evacuate
what were the immidiate responses of the Nepal earthquake 2015?
- search and rescue
- half a million tents to provide shelter to the homeless
- financial aid
- feild hospitals
what evidence is there that Nepal is poorer than New Zealand?
the HDI and GDP shows that nepal is lower than New Zealand in the rankings.
