Uk Changing Economy Flashcards
What is a post industrial economy?
Where the manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by the service sector and developments in the quaternary sector.
What is an example of a post industrial economy
Uk
How is the Uk moving towards a post industrial economy?
IT, Finance, Research and Development, Science/Business Parks are growing rapidly
By 2015 how many people in the Uk were employed in the tertiary sector?
78%
What does internet allow people to do>
Work from home
What is finance important for?
The growing service sector
London is the worlds leading centre for financial services
How many people are employed in the quaternary sector?
250,000
What does Google do?
Organise the worlds information and make it accessible to all
Must have a background in IT
Jobs include software engineer,HR, innovation lead etc.
Have pensions, sick leave, life insurance
Earn $124,000 a year
Hace a 8 hr work policy where you can’t spend to long working - have to explore
What do BAS (British Antarctic Survey) do?
Conduct polar research enabling better research of global issues
Nee full apprenticeship and NUQ in icy terrain
Jobs include biologist, chemist, electrician, it, chef, engineer
What do the BBC do?
The are a British public service broadcaster
Earn 37,000 a year + free international travel
What do Marks an Spencer do?
Retailer of goods, clothes and household items
In tertiary sector
What’s a science park?
A group of scientific and knowledge based businesses located in one area
What’s a business park?
Area of land occupied by many different businesses
What are the benefits of Surrey research park?
Excellent links to the A3 - encourages businesses to locate and share expertise
Linked to university of Surrey - provide academic talent
Attractive woodland- improves well-being supports heath while reducing things like flooding
Assists economic growth as it provides jobs and means TNCs invest in education
Howe is the Uk economy changing ?
Significant shift from primary sector (agriculture) to tertiary (service) and quaternary (education and information) sector
Why has the uk economy changed?
Deindustrialisation, government policies and globalisation
Why has de-industrialisation occurred?
Modern technology has replaced people
Other countries can produce goods more cheaply (cheaper labour))
Lack of investment from the government- high labour costs make production expensive
What was Clement Attlee’s government policy?
Nationalism - when government buy and run a business for the benefit of the country
What was Margaret Thatcher’s government policy
Privatisation- when businesses owned by the government are sold to individuals to run - promotes a competitive business environment
What is Boris Johnson’s government policy/
Rebalancing - diversifying the economy so we are less dependant on just one industry
What is globalisation?
Creating a more connected world with international movement of people, goods and Ideas
What has globalisation helped?
The development of communications and transport eg. The internet
The growth of the quaternary sector- many working on global brands and products
Boosted trade and allowed one to be imported - causes manufacturing to decline
Give an example of a modern industrial development which is becoming more sustainable?
Nestle, Fawdon
What does Nestle manufacture ?
Confectionary like rollos, fruit pastilles and munchies
Where is Nestle located ?
In north east England in Newcastle upon Tyne
What is an anaerobic digester?
Uses waste products from manufacturing- add bacteria to produce biogas to generate electricity’
How much of the factories energy does biogas produce ?
6%
How many solar panels does Nestle have?
1970
How much of he sites total energy do the solar panels produce
1.5% which is the equivalent of powering 125 homes
What is Nestles Carbon reduction target?
40%
What do Nestle encourage?
Use of Electric Vehicles
What have their partnership with Nissan done?
Created EV charging points and gives them a discount
Is south Cambridgeshire an area of rural decline or growth?
Rural growth
Is Outer Hebrides an area of rural decline or growth?
Rural decline
What South Cambridgeshire’s population increase?
+21.3%
What Outer Hebrides’s population decrease?
-40.4%
What are the 4 factors affecting rural areas?
European migration
Ageing Population
Economic Changes
Counter Urbanisation
How does European migration affect rural areas?
People move into the uk from abroad
Fro example 1 million migrants from Poland entered the uk in 1 year
What do European migrants look for?
Low skilled jobs - as there is little competition
What effect has Brexit had on European migrants?
It’s driven out immigrants due to a labour shortage
Why are European migrants important?
They aid economic productivity
What are economic changes and how are they impacting rural areas?
There has been a reduction in the primary sector so more people move out of rural areas into urban areas looking fro work in the tertiary or quaternary sector
What can economic changes do?
Some areas are invigorated de to globalisation and improved communications allowing for people to work from home
What can the elderly population do?
They are time rich so can buy services to help keep businesses running
What happens to farms as the primary sector is reduced and the tertiary and quaternary sector grow?
Farms are turned into tourist attractions so the owners can earn money
This diversifies the landscape
What is counter-urbanisation?
Where people moe out of cites
Why do some people move out of cities?
It’s. Cheaper ad there is moe space in rural areas
Why do the elderly population move out of urban areas?
The don’t need to stay for work
What can youth cause?
Need for jobs and invigorated industries
But the village may become a ghost town during the day if people commute to work
What happens to industry as the ageing population grows?
Industries such as education suffer and may close down because the government are spending more money on pensions and infrastructure/services the elderly require. Therefore industries such as schools and parks wont be able to stay open as they aren’t generating any income.
What are the positives of an ageing population ?
Slower birth rate
Healthcare improves due to demand
What do the government have to provide to the ageing population?
More services and manufacturing
What may mean elderly cant invest in the local economy/businesses?
Lack of mobility may mean they struggle to get out so can’t turn money into businesses - which may struggle and end up closing
What happens with an ageing population?
Primary sector struggles
what is likely to occur once the elderly have died?
Dereliction as there is no one in the area to invigorate the land
But it provides cheap housing
Where is South Cambridgeshire/?
In central eastern midlands just south of Cambridgeshire
Where are the Outer Hebrides
Islands in the north west of England just off Scotland
The social and economic impacts of rural decline in the Outer Hebrides?
Need for support and benefits as there is an increase in relative poverty - standard of living is below average
Ageing population retire to the area
Crafting - sheep farming is to pricey to earn an income so farmers move out
Declining population means services and facilities close eg. Schools, pubs, churches
Younger generation leave for better education and more opportunities
Cost of care services increase due to high demand and lack of availability
The social and economic impacts of rural growth in the South Cambridgeshire
People commute to urban areas during the day leaving a ghost village - so there is. Lack of community and local businesses struggle
There is a greater demand for leisure and recreation facilities
Move away from actual agriculture instead develop tourist attractions and farm parks
Gentrification - middle class- bring wealth and investment aiding businesses in the area and making it more desirable
80% own car - causes congestion - public transport become derelict
Popularity leads to rise in house prices. - lack of affordable housing
More peaceful environment and cheaper living
‘Grey pound’ - opportunity for young entrepreneurs to start up businesses
What is the north south divide?
The cultural and economic difference between the North and South of England
What is the South of England like ?
The south has a higher living standard, life expectancy and income but congestion and higher house prices are an issue
Why is there a divide?
What happened in the North?
As the Uk moves towards a post- industrial economy. Industries have declined an unemployment has increased. Also the importance of coal and steel mining (which their economy was based on) has reduced and alternative energy is being produced . This has caused the North to suffer
Why is there a divide?
What happened in the South?
The fast growing service sector has allowed rapid development in the South
Also London is a global financial centre allowing to develop faster than the rest of the Uk
How many unemployment hotspots are there in the North and South?
In the North 10/13 unemployment hotspot
Shows a clear social divide
What are southern students more likely to get?
A professional education
How much more do the government spend on people in the South?
£2,193 per person, although house prices are more than £100,000 higher than in the North
Suggesting more people are likely to fall into poverty
How can regional strategies address the issue?
Eg. Financial Support
Financial support has come from the Uk government
Foreign investment has allowed development of car manufacturing (Nissan and Mitsubishi)
However EU funding has stopped since our departure
How has the money been used to reduce the North-South divide?
To develop the tourist, food and energy industry in rural areas
- By encouraging the formation of hotels by providing discounts
- improving marketing and transport (HS2)
Why does improving transport infrastructure in LEPs support northern England and give and example?
Allows movement of people, goods, services and capital
Allows more people to commute to work in the North meaning industries can develop
As industries develop access to products improve quality of life
Aids tourism which creates jobs
Eg. Lancashire has invested £20 million in accessibility. M62 - reducing commuting times, L2 docks - improve trade
What’s an LEP?
Local enterprise partnership which work with local authorities and businesses. They aim to identify businesses needs in The local area and ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT to create jobs and boost the local economy
Currently how many LEPs are there in England?
39
What’s an EZ
Enterprise Zone- aim to ENCOURAGE ESTABLISHMENT OF BUSINESSES and new jobs
By putting simple planning regulations and provision of super fast broadband along with business discount of 275,000 over 5 years.
Where is Warton Enterprise Zone?
In Lancashire
What have Warton Enterprise Zone done?
Created 6000 jobs in advanced engineering
What are the Uks cultural links?
It’s globally important - English language connects us worldwide
BBC - allow us to entertain and share education with other countries - India = biggest user
Books by JK Rowling are a global success - distributed in America, also set up the Volant Charitable trust to help women/children combat poverty and social inequality- Although Australia banned her books to make a safer trans community
What are the UK’s political links?
UN
G7
NATO
Commonwealth
What is the UN and how does it link with the UK?
The UK were a founding member of the political group of 193 countries. It’s HQ is in New York.
It allows the Uk a voice on global issues like security and climate change (Cop 26 held i Glasgow)
What is the G7 and how does it link with the UK?
G7 is a group of the 7 most advanced economies worldwide and includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and the USA
The Uk has taken over presidency of G7 and organises meetings to discuss world issues and funding
- Have even had a meeting at the Eden Project
What is the NATO and how does it link with the UK?
NATO is a security alliance between 30 countries in North America and Europe
Aim to safeguard allies freedom and security by political and military means
It’s HQ is in Brussels, Belgium
Being part of the alliance outside the EU protects them
What are the UK’s trade links?
Import the most complex machinery (car, medicines etc) due to cheaper manufacturing abroad
We import £74 billion worth from Germany
Why did eh UK import so much gold?
Due to the economic crisis
World leading hub for gold exchange
TNCs help develop countries name some TNC from other countries which have set up in the UK
Many TNCs from other countries have set up branches in the UK, like Sony, Coca-Cola, Nike, and MacDonald’s.
Name British TNC which work in other countries?
Eg. Shell, Vodaphone, Barclays Bank
What transport links to the UK have?
ESA and Heathrow
What is ESA and what does it do?
European Space Agency
And it is a member as Tim Peake was the first British astronaut to go on an ESA mission and fly the ISS
Improve international relations and helps charge knowledge
How does Heathrow improve the UK’s importance?
They operate to 214 destinations in 84 countries
Aid tourism and commuting to help countries to develop
There longest journey is to Perth Australia and takes 17 hours
Improves connectedness
What is Arctic Fibre?
An electronic communication system which consists of 15,000 km of submarine cable
Improving connections with the USA, Europe and Asia
What did Robert Schumann suggest?
An economic union of European nations to prevent another war and promote peace
What was the Schuman Declaration?
The belief that if countries were dependant on each other for trade war would be impossible
In 1951 what was the EU called?
European steel and coal community
What happened after the Treaty of Rome was signed in 1957?
The European coal and steel community became the European economic community and tried to promote free trade
What happened when the Uk applied ?
Their application was vetoed by Charles De Gaulle - they were allowed to join in 1973 after 12 years of negotiations
In the 1980s what did the EEC become?
The EU - a single market between construes that allowed the freedom of movement of people,services,goods and capital
What happened in 1999?
A single currency (the euro) was introduced and the Uk opted out of this
What happened when Greece tried to join?
Saw instability and their were complaints about bureaucracy and loss of independence
This is when David Cameron offered a referendum to remain or leave the EU
What are the benefits of the EU?
Allows you to trade goods, services, capital and labour freely -with countries in the union
Common rules and regulations improve quality of products
Companies can easily export goods to overseas markets
People can move freely between countries
Support weaker countries and economy develops faster
What are the limitations of the EU?
Countries are not free to trade outside the union
Country’s outside the trade union find it difficult to export products and services - increases development gap
Countries specialise in fewer economic activities- the economy becomes less diverse and resilient
Cheaper foreign products from TNCs puts domestic companies out of business
Membership fee is costly
What is Brexit?
The referendum where the debate is to remain in the EU or leave
Arguments to remain in the EU
Keep access to single market - free trade
TNCs are more likely to locate in the Uk due to access to EU market
UK citizens can access free healthcare and work or live anywhere in the EU
Estimated that being part of the EU created 3 million more jobs
Easier to travel freely and more goods are available
Arguments to leave the EU?
More money can be spent on the NHS
We can make our own trade agreements with other countries (70 so far)
We now longer have to pay EU membership fee £19 million a year
We are less likely to be forced into conflict or war
Allows us to control migration
We no longer have to follow 2,400 EU laws but have our own rules and regulations
What is the commonwealth?
A voluntary, political group of 56 independent and equal countries
Which countries are involved in the commonwealth?
54 countries in Africa, Asia, America, Europe and pacific
Amongst the biggest, smallest, richest And poorest - regardless they get a say
When did the commonwealth begin?
After British decolonisation
How many people are part of the worlds commonwealth?
2.2 billion (1/4 of the worlds population) - membership is based on free equal cooperation
Who were the last two countries to join the commonwealth?
Rwanda and Mozambique
Why was the commonwealth needed?
After member countries had been colonised by British they were left economically disadvantaged and infrastructure wasn’t improved- left economy in a state of deprivation
What are the goals of the commonwealth?
Advance economics, social development and human rights
Working towards goals or shared prosperity, democracy and peace
Benefits of the commonwealth?
For smaller countries - voices can be heard
Diplomatic allies
Promotes free trade
Provides businesses with markets to sell goods and services
Aids investment and improves infrastructure
Creates tourism which boosts jobs and income
What is gentrification
middle class- bring wealth and investment aiding businesses in the area and making it more desirable
