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Lab Medicine > UA > Flashcards

UA Flashcards

1
Q

what is the “normal” color for urine?

A

Straw

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2
Q

what can ice tea colored urine indicate?

A

Blood from higher in the renal system

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3
Q

what can hazy urine mean?

A

White cells/ mucus

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4
Q

what is a measure of the solutes in the particular urine.

A

Specific gravity

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5
Q

what does a specific gravity of <1.003 indicate?

A

Probably not urine

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6
Q

the low the specific gravity number the what?

A

More dilute the urine is

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7
Q

With a specific gravity of <1.010 what should you compare it with?

A

Serum osmolality

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8
Q

what does a specific gravity of >1.035 indicate?

A

Usually following an intravenous pyelogram

can be taking dextram or HMW IV fluids

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9
Q

A specific gravity of what indicates relative hydration.

A

<1.010

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10
Q

What can cause blood on a UA?

A 
UTI
PCKD
malignancy
calculi
glomerulonephritis
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11
Q

what will whole RBCs look like on a UA?

A

patchy appearance

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12
Q

what will hemolyzed blood look like on a UA?

A

darker color, fully, not patchy

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13
Q

what is the most common cause of leukocyte esterase positive on a UA?

A

UTI

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14
Q

what can positive nitrates indicate?

A

UTI due to gram negative bacteria

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15
Q

Positive protein on UA can indicate what

A 
Preeclampsia, 
diabetic nephropathy, 
infection, inflammation,
 myeloma* (dipstick often insensitive) 
nephrotic syndrome
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16
Q

any damage to what can give you proteinuria

A

glomerulus or renal tubules

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17
Q

what does glucose in the urine indicate?

A

diabetes mellitus

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18
Q

Bilirubin in UA can indicate what

A

biliary obstruction
hyperbilirubinemia
some types of liver disease
inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism

19
Q

When will ketones be positive in a UA

A

carbohydrate starvation
severe illness
vomiting
diabetic ketoacidosis

20
Q

when there’s a biliary obstruction will you find urobilinogen?

A

No, because it isn’t getting into the intestines

21
Q

when will bilinogen spill into the urine?

A

Too much hemolysis

22
Q

If there is a positive urobilinogen is there an obstruction?

A

Not likely, more likely a hemolytic process

23
Q

what is a normal urine pH

A

4.5-8.0

24
Q

for 2 hours after you eat, what will the urine become?

A

alkaline

25
Q

a large amount of squamous epithelial cells in males can indicate what?

A

inflammation or infection in the renal system

26
Q

what does a clue cell indicate?

A

bacterial vaginosis

27
Q

what do renal tubular epithelial cells indicate?

A

More significant inflammation, infection

28
Q

What conditions can renal tubular epithelial cells suggest?

A

pyeloneprhitis

glomerulonephritis (think this more)

29
Q

what does a renal tubular epithelial cell look like?

A

nucleus is very centered and cell is round

30
Q

when you see red blood cells in a urine what should you suspect?

A

glomerular disease (can indicate cancer with a lot of RBCs)

31
Q

what’s another possible cause of blood in the urine?

A

Going for a long run

32
Q

what can you do to differentiate RBC from yeast?

A

KOH (will lyse the RBCs)

33
Q

what do you think of when you see budding yeast in the urine?

A

fungal or yeast infection

34
Q

classic findings on UA for UTI

A 
Blood, WBC and protein are often positive
Leukocyte esterase often positive
Nitrite often positive
Bacteria - motile
Yeast - budding
35
Q

Most common parasitic infection in US

A

trichomonas vaginalis

36
Q

are hyaline casts concerning?

A

No, may be after physical exertion, emotion stress, febrile dz

37
Q

What can cause a WBC cast?

A

renal inflammatory processes such as pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis or may accompany RBC casts in glomerulonephritis

38
Q

what causes casts?

A

Urine isn’t moving

39
Q

what causes granular casts?

A

urine after strenuous exercise, dehydration, during infection and in chronic renal disease.

40
Q

casts are wider than others. Occur where there is really severe urinary stasis.

A

Waxy cast

41
Q

most common reason for kidney stones

A

calcium oxalate crystals

42
Q

what crystals have an x shape in teh middle.

A

calcium oxalate

43
Q

what type crystals look like a football or diamond

A

Uric acid crystals

44
Q

what type crystals look like a coffin-lid?

A

triple phosphate crystals

Lab Medicine (12 decks)

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