U7 Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The structure of an organism

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

The processes and functions of an organism

Question 3

Tissues

Answer 3

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

Question 4

Organs

Answer 4

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues

Question 5

Organ System

Answer 5

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Question 6

Endocrine System

Answer 6

In animals, the internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glans that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis

Question 7

Nervous System

Answer 7

In animals, the fast-acting internal system of communication involving sensory receptors, networks of nerve cells, and connections to muscles and glands that respond to nerve signals; functions in concert with the endocrine system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis

Question 8

Hormones

Answer 8

In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target cells’ functioning

Question 9

Regulator

Answer 9

An animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable

Question 10

Conformer

Answer 10

An animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable

Question 11

Homeostasis

Answer 11

The steady-state physiological condition of the body

Question 12

Set Point

Answer 12

In homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration

Question 13

Stimulus

Answer 13

In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response

Question 14

Sensor

Answer 14

In homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus

Question 15

Response

Answer 15

(1) in cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brough about by a transduced signal from outside the cell
(2) In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable

Question 16

Negative Feedback

Answer 16

A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

Question 17

Positive Feedback

Answer 17

A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process speeds up the process; physiology, a a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

Question 18

Circadian Rhythym

Answer 18

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues

Question 19

Acclimatization

Answer 19

Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

Question 20

Thermoregulation

Answer 20

The maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range

Question 21

Endothermic

Answer 21

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature than that of the external environment

Question 22

Ectothermic

Answer 22

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation

Question 23

Integumentary System

Answer 23

The outer covering of a mammal’s body, including skin, hair, and nails, or hooves

Question 24

Countercurrent Exchange

Answer 24

The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. For example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood

Question 25

Hypothalamus

Answer 25

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary

Question 26

Bioenergetics

Answer 26

1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism
2) the study of how energy flows through organisms

Question 27

Metabolic Rate

Answer 27

The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Question 28

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 28

The metabolic rate of resting, fasting, and nonstresses endotherm at a comfortable temperature

Question 29

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

Answer 29

Metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstresses ectotherm at a particular temperature

Question 30

Torpor

Answer 30

A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

Question 31

Hibernation

Answer 31

A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal