U2 Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

The process that results in the partial degradation of glucose without the use of oxygen (O2)

Question 2

Cellular Respiration

Answer 2

A more complete breakdown of glucose

Question 3

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 3

O2 is used as a reactant; in anaerobic respiration, other substances are used in place of O2
1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
3) Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)

Question 4

Redox Reactions

Answer 4

One substance partially or totally shifts electrons to another

Question 5

Oxidation

Answer 5

The total or partial loss of electrons

Question 6

Reduction

Answer 6

Total or partial addition of electrons

Question 7

Catabolic Pathways

Answer 7

Electrons are usually passed first to NAD+, reducing it to NADH, and are then passed from NADH to an electron transport chain, which conducts the electrons to O2 in energy-releasing steps. The energy that is released is used to make ATP

Question 8

Acetyl CoA

Answer 8

A metabolite derived from glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid catabolism. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate

Question 9

Chemiosmosis

Answer 9

As H+ diffuses back into the matrix through ATP synthase, its passage drives the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 10

Proton-motive Force (H+ gradient)

Answer 10

Created by the pumping out of protons by the respiratory chain complexes is in the mitochondria of most tissues mainly used to translocate protons through the ATP synthase complex, leading to the formation of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate

Question 11

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 11

Sugar is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 by some bacteria and yeast

Question 12

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 12

The type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yogurt bacteria (Lactobacillus and others) and by your own muscle cells when you work them hard and fast

Question 13

Beta Oxidation

Answer 13

A cyclic process in which acyl-CoAs are shortened, whereby the two carboxy-terminal carbon atoms are released as acetyl-CoA units each time a cycle is fully completed

1) acyl-CoA-ester is dehydrogenated to yield a trans-2-enoyl-CoA. This is followed by hydration of the double bond