U5 Terms Flashcards
All biological processes involve the movement of ____________ and transformation of ______________
1) Matter
2) Energy
Matter
Refers to atoms and particles from which all things are made
–> The building blocks of any solid, liquid, or gas object
(Matter is an object)
Matter can NEVER…
Be created nor destroyed
But matter can…
Be transferred and moved
–> Atoms in an object can move around to make new object forms and can recombine with other atoms to make completely new objects
Energy
The ability to do work
–> NOT an object, but a PROPERTY that an object may have
Energy can never…
But it can….
be created nor destroyed
But it can be changed or transformed into new types of energy
Kinetic Energy
The energy of movement
(Ex: Thermal Energy)
Potential Energy
Stored Energy
(Ex: Chemical Energy)
Main energy types in biological systems (4):
1) Thermal Energy
2) Mechanical Energy
3) Chemical Energy
4) Light Energy
Matter and energy exist at the same time but DO NOT…
Convert into one another –> They operate differently
Human Fat Production and Loss: Path of Matter
CO2 in the air –> Carbon in food —> Carbon in fat —> Respiration —> CO2 we breathe out
Human Fat Production and Loss: Path of Energy
Energy from the sun –> Energy in food –> Energy in fat –> 3 places
1) Energy in other body molecules
2) Heat energy
3) Energy in CO2
Human Fat Loss: Where does the fat go?
~80% is exhaled as CO2
~20% is secreted through sweat, urine, etc.
Fat molecules can be inputs into…
Cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration: What does it do to the matter and energy in fat?
Matter –> Moves it around, releases CO2 which takes the matter from fat inputs and releases it to the air = weight loss
Energy –> Keeps most of the energy inside the body to be ready to do cellular work (some is released as heat though)
Food
Anything containing large, carbon rich molecules (those with several C-C bonds)
–> Carbon-poor molecules are not food
4 main nutrition types:
1) Photoautotroph
2) Chemoautotroph
3) Chemoheterotroph
4) Photoheterotroph
Photoautotroph: Matter and energy sources
Matter Source = CO2 (Inorganic carbon)
Energy Source = Sun (light energy)
Chemoheterotroph: Matter and energy sources
Matter Source = Organic molecules
Energy Source = Chemical bonds of organic molecules
Food is utilized by bodies for 3 main mechanisms:
1) Cell respiration
2) Storage
3) Tissue building
Cellular Respiration
Matter removal process
–> Food molecules are broken down to release energy which powers metabolism, transport, and movement
Energy Storage
A matter incorporation process
–> Food molecules are converted into storage molecules which can be later inputted into cell respiration to release the stored energy
Examples of Energy Storage Molecules
1) Starch
2) Glycogen
3) Fats
Tissue Building/Growth
Food molecules are converted into molecules required for the growth of new cells
Ex: Cellulose in plants
The relative rates of which processes impact whether an organism gains or loses weight?
1) Mass removal processes (cellular respiration)
2) Mass incorporation processes (growth + storage)
Mass Removal Process
Cellular respiration
Mass incorporation processes
1) Storage
2) Tissue Building/Growth
Poop: What is it and what does it contribute to mass loss?
Poop = the undigestable stuff (mainly made of bacteria)
–> Only accounts for an extremely small portion of mass lost by the body
Ex: 5% of an eaten apple will leave as poop
Photosynthesis Inputs
1) Sunlight
2) Small, low energy, inorganic molecules (CO2)
Photosynthesis Products
1) Large, high energy molecules (food:sugars)
2) Oxygen gas
Once a glucose molecule is produced through photosynthesis it can…
Do ONE of the following processes (one molecule can only do one of these at a time):
1) Storage
2) Tissue Building
3) Cell Respiration
Cellular respiration causes __________ to leave the body but ________ to stay in the body
1) MATTER to leave
2) ENERGY to stay to be available for use by the organism
Photosynthesis vs Cell Respiration:
Effects of processes on organism’s mass
Photosynthesis: INCREASES mass of organism
Cell Respiration: DECREASES mass of organism
What, if any, is the change in mass observed in the following over 2 hours when the animal is placed on a scale (open to the air)?
1) Plant
2) Animal
3) Fungus
1) Plant –> Mass INCREASE
2) Animal –> Mass DECREASE
3) Fungus –> Mass DECREASE
What, if any, is the change in measured mass observed when weighing on a scale enclosed by a glass box for 2 hours?
No change –> Closed system = no change in weight shown on the balance
Photosynthesis and respiration affect the ___________ in the air
CO2 in the air
Photosynthesis = Takes away CO2 from the air
Respiration = Gives CO2 to the air
What type of molecule is CO2 that makes it dangerous for our planet?
“Heat-trapping” molecule
–> Increase in CO2 therefore leads to global climate change
Community
A group of populations of 2 or more different species occupying the same geographic area at the same time
Within communities, these relationships between animals exist:
Trophic Levels
Trophic Level
Categories of organisms who share the same nutritional function in an ecosystem
Most ecosystems have no more than ____________ trophic levels
4-5
Food Web
A graphical representation of what eats what within a community
Arrows in a food web indicate…
Feeding relationships
–> Direction of the arrow indicates the transfer of matter and energy
What is the most abundant trophic level?
Primary producers
Producers
Autotrophs –> Make their own food
Consumers
Heterotrophs –> Get matter and energy from food
All matter and energy must go through ___________ first
Producers
All other trophic levels rely on…
Primary producers for their energy
What limits the # of trophic levels in a food web?
The fact that only 10-20% of the energy consumed by a trophic level become available to the next level
–> *Not enough energy to support higher and higher levels
How much energy is available for consumption between trophic levels?
10-20% of total energy consumed by one trophic level is then available to the next trophic level
Biomass ___________ as you move up the food chain
DECREASES
Biomass
“Dry weight”
What causes the limit to matter and energy available between trophic levels?
1) When an organism eats, most of the consumed matter goes to cell respiration which releases mass through CO2 and produced ATP to be used right away by the cell –> Very small portion of this food goes to storage/tissue building, the tissues we eat)
2) Any indigestible component does not get utilized and is instead excreted
= Less energy and mass available to the next level to consume
In doing cellular respiration, energy and matter…
CANNOT be transferred
Matter –> Gets removed from body as CO2 (goes into the air)
Energy –> Exothermic process releases heat into the environment and any additional energy not utilized for cellular work is released as HEAT
(this matter and energy is not present during eating of the organism)
In doing tissue building and storage, energy and matter…
CAN be transferred
Matter and energy stays in the body (not released) and is therefore present while being eaten meaning it can be transferred
What effect does mowing have on the urban grassland? (3)
1) Decreased invertebrate diversity
2) Less plant diversity
3) Decreased species richness
If the temperature of an organism’s surrounding change, they must…
Perform work to regulate their body temp
–> Needs energy to do so
The energy needed for temperature regulation comes from __________ which causes ____________
1) Cellular respiration
2) Loss of mass
Ecosystem
Plants and animals interacting with each other in a specific set of living conditions
–> The living AND non-living parts of a community
Temperature
Thermal energy: the energy of moving particles
Changes in temperature impact the…
Movement of energy and matter at all biological scales
Effects of temperature changes on molecules
Increased Temperature = Proteins can denature
Effects of temperature change on cells
Very cold temperatures can freeze cellular water causing damage to cellular membranes and organelles
Thermoregulation
Maintenance of body temperature
2 types of organisms based on their method of thermoregulation:
1) Poikilotherms
2) Homeotherms
Poikilotherms
AKA Ectotherms (or “cold blooded”)
Body temperature varies WITH the environment
Homeotherms
AKA Endotherms (or “warm blooded”)
Maintain a constant, regulated body temperature
How do homeotherms regulate their body temp on a CELLULAR level?
Increase respiration rates which produces greater heat, warming up body
How do homeotherms regulate their body temp on a BEHAVIORAL level? (3)
1) Changing habitat
2) Evaporative cooling (panting and sweating)
3) Shivering
NOT their main way of body temp regulation
How do poikilotherms regulate their body temp on a CELLULAR level? (2)
1) Anti Freeze proteins
2) Heat shock proteins (protect against protein denaturation)
How do poikilotherms regulate their body temp on a BEHAVIORAL level? (3)
Main form of body temp regulation
1) Changing habitat
2) Evaporative cooling (transpiration in plants)
3) Shivering
What organisms are poikilotherms? (6)
Plants, fungi, invertebrates, reptiles, fish, amphibians
What organisms are homeotherms? (2)
Mammals and Birds
PLANTS: A higher temperature is associated with ______________ photosynthesis which causes _________________
GREATER rate of photosynthesis
–> Causing GREATER INCREASE IN MASS
PLANTS: A lower temperature is associated with _______________ which causes __________________
LOWER rate of photosynthesis
–> Causing smaller increase in mass
A higher temperature is associated with _________________ in ANIMAL POIKILOTHERMS which causes ____________________
1) GREATER rates of cellular respiration
2) Greater decrease in mass
A lower temperature is associated with _______________ in ANIMAL POIKILOTHERMS which causes ______________________-
1) LOWER rates of cellular respiration
2) Smaller decrease in mass
A higher temperature is associated with _______________ in ANIMAL HOMEOTHERMS which causes ___________________
1) LOWER rates of cellular respiration
2) Smaller decrease in mass
A lower temperature is associated with ____________________ in ANIMAL HOMEOTHERMS which causes ____________________
1) GREATER rates of cellular respiration
2) Greater decrease in mass
Temperature changes affect all trophic levels because:
Each level relies on the level before it for energy and matter
–> Any big changes in mass due to rapid temperature changes could cause a mismatch with the mass/energy needs of subsequent levels
