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BIO 201 > U5 Terms > Flashcards

U5 Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All biological processes involve the movement of ____________ and transformation of ______________

A

1) Matter
2) Energy

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2
Q

Matter

A

Refers to atoms and particles from which all things are made

–> The building blocks of any solid, liquid, or gas object

(Matter is an object)

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3
Q

Matter can NEVER…

A

Be created nor destroyed

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4
Q

But matter can…

A

Be transferred and moved

–> Atoms in an object can move around to make new object forms and can recombine with other atoms to make completely new objects

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5
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

–> NOT an object, but a PROPERTY that an object may have

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6
Q

Energy can never…

But it can….

A

be created nor destroyed

But it can be changed or transformed into new types of energy

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7
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of movement

(Ex: Thermal Energy)

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8
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored Energy

(Ex: Chemical Energy)

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9
Q

Main energy types in biological systems (4):

A

1) Thermal Energy
2) Mechanical Energy
3) Chemical Energy
4) Light Energy

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10
Q

Matter and energy exist at the same time but DO NOT…

A

Convert into one another –> They operate differently

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11
Q

Human Fat Production and Loss: Path of Matter

A

CO2 in the air –> Carbon in food —> Carbon in fat —> Respiration —> CO2 we breathe out

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12
Q

Human Fat Production and Loss: Path of Energy

A

Energy from the sun –> Energy in food –> Energy in fat –> 3 places

1) Energy in other body molecules
2) Heat energy
3) Energy in CO2

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13
Q

Human Fat Loss: Where does the fat go?

A

~80% is exhaled as CO2

~20% is secreted through sweat, urine, etc.

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14
Q

Fat molecules can be inputs into…

A

Cellular respiration

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15
Q

Cellular Respiration: What does it do to the matter and energy in fat?

A

Matter –> Moves it around, releases CO2 which takes the matter from fat inputs and releases it to the air = weight loss

Energy –> Keeps most of the energy inside the body to be ready to do cellular work (some is released as heat though)

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16
Q

Food

A

Anything containing large, carbon rich molecules (those with several C-C bonds)

–> Carbon-poor molecules are not food

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17
Q

4 main nutrition types:

A

1) Photoautotroph
2) Chemoautotroph
3) Chemoheterotroph
4) Photoheterotroph

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18
Q

Photoautotroph: Matter and energy sources

A

Matter Source = CO2 (Inorganic carbon)

Energy Source = Sun (light energy)

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19
Q

Chemoheterotroph: Matter and energy sources

A

Matter Source = Organic molecules

Energy Source = Chemical bonds of organic molecules

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20
Q

Food is utilized by bodies for 3 main mechanisms:

A

1) Cell respiration
2) Storage
3) Tissue building

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21
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Matter removal process

–> Food molecules are broken down to release energy which powers metabolism, transport, and movement

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22
Q

Energy Storage

A

A matter incorporation process

–> Food molecules are converted into storage molecules which can be later inputted into cell respiration to release the stored energy

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23
Q

Examples of Energy Storage Molecules

A

1) Starch
2) Glycogen
3) Fats

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24
Q

Tissue Building/Growth

A

Food molecules are converted into molecules required for the growth of new cells

Ex: Cellulose in plants

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25
Q

The relative rates of which processes impact whether an organism gains or loses weight?

A

1) Mass removal processes (cellular respiration)

2) Mass incorporation processes (growth + storage)

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26
Q

Mass Removal Process

A

Cellular respiration

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27
Q

Mass incorporation processes

A

1) Storage

2) Tissue Building/Growth

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28
Q

Poop: What is it and what does it contribute to mass loss?

A

Poop = the undigestable stuff (mainly made of bacteria)

–> Only accounts for an extremely small portion of mass lost by the body

Ex: 5% of an eaten apple will leave as poop

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29
Q

Photosynthesis Inputs

A

1) Sunlight
2) Small, low energy, inorganic molecules (CO2)

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30
Q

Photosynthesis Products

A

1) Large, high energy molecules (food:sugars)
2) Oxygen gas

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31
Q

Once a glucose molecule is produced through photosynthesis it can…

A

Do ONE of the following processes (one molecule can only do one of these at a time):

1) Storage
2) Tissue Building
3) Cell Respiration

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32
Q

Cellular respiration causes __________ to leave the body but ________ to stay in the body

A

1) MATTER to leave

2) ENERGY to stay to be available for use by the organism

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33
Q

Photosynthesis vs Cell Respiration:

Effects of processes on organism’s mass

A

Photosynthesis: INCREASES mass of organism

Cell Respiration: DECREASES mass of organism

34
Q

What, if any, is the change in mass observed in the following over 2 hours when the animal is placed on a scale (open to the air)?

1) Plant
2) Animal
3) Fungus

A

1) Plant –> Mass INCREASE

2) Animal –> Mass DECREASE

3) Fungus –> Mass DECREASE

35
Q

What, if any, is the change in measured mass observed when weighing on a scale enclosed by a glass box for 2 hours?

A

No change –> Closed system = no change in weight shown on the balance

36
Q

Photosynthesis and respiration affect the ___________ in the air

A

CO2 in the air

Photosynthesis = Takes away CO2 from the air

Respiration = Gives CO2 to the air

37
Q

What type of molecule is CO2 that makes it dangerous for our planet?

A

“Heat-trapping” molecule

–> Increase in CO2 therefore leads to global climate change

38
Q

Community

A

A group of populations of 2 or more different species occupying the same geographic area at the same time

39
Q

Within communities, these relationships between animals exist:

A

Trophic Levels

40
Q

Trophic Level

A

Categories of organisms who share the same nutritional function in an ecosystem

41
Q

Most ecosystems have no more than ____________ trophic levels

A

4-5

42
Q

Food Web

A

A graphical representation of what eats what within a community

43
Q

Arrows in a food web indicate…

A

Feeding relationships

–> Direction of the arrow indicates the transfer of matter and energy

44
Q

What is the most abundant trophic level?

A

Primary producers

45
Q

Producers

A

Autotrophs –> Make their own food

46
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophs –> Get matter and energy from food

47
Q

All matter and energy must go through ___________ first

A

Producers

48
Q

All other trophic levels rely on…

A

Primary producers for their energy

49
Q

What limits the # of trophic levels in a food web?

A

The fact that only 10-20% of the energy consumed by a trophic level become available to the next level

–> *Not enough energy to support higher and higher levels

50
Q

How much energy is available for consumption between trophic levels?

A

10-20% of total energy consumed by one trophic level is then available to the next trophic level

51
Q

Biomass ___________ as you move up the food chain

A

DECREASES

52
Q

Biomass

A

“Dry weight”

53
Q

What causes the limit to matter and energy available between trophic levels?

A

1) When an organism eats, most of the consumed matter goes to cell respiration which releases mass through CO2 and produced ATP to be used right away by the cell –> Very small portion of this food goes to storage/tissue building, the tissues we eat)

2) Any indigestible component does not get utilized and is instead excreted

= Less energy and mass available to the next level to consume

54
Q

In doing cellular respiration, energy and matter…

A

CANNOT be transferred

Matter –> Gets removed from body as CO2 (goes into the air)

Energy –> Exothermic process releases heat into the environment and any additional energy not utilized for cellular work is released as HEAT

(this matter and energy is not present during eating of the organism)

55
Q

In doing tissue building and storage, energy and matter…

A

CAN be transferred

Matter and energy stays in the body (not released) and is therefore present while being eaten meaning it can be transferred

56
Q

What effect does mowing have on the urban grassland? (3)

A

1) Decreased invertebrate diversity
2) Less plant diversity
3) Decreased species richness

57
Q

If the temperature of an organism’s surrounding change, they must…

A

Perform work to regulate their body temp

–> Needs energy to do so

58
Q

The energy needed for temperature regulation comes from __________ which causes ____________

A

1) Cellular respiration
2) Loss of mass

59
Q

Ecosystem

A

Plants and animals interacting with each other in a specific set of living conditions

–> The living AND non-living parts of a community

60
Q

Temperature

A

Thermal energy: the energy of moving particles

61
Q

Changes in temperature impact the…

A

Movement of energy and matter at all biological scales

62
Q

Effects of temperature changes on molecules

A

Increased Temperature = Proteins can denature

63
Q

Effects of temperature change on cells

A

Very cold temperatures can freeze cellular water causing damage to cellular membranes and organelles

64
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of body temperature

65
Q

2 types of organisms based on their method of thermoregulation:

A

1) Poikilotherms
2) Homeotherms

66
Q

Poikilotherms

A

AKA Ectotherms (or “cold blooded”)

Body temperature varies WITH the environment

67
Q

Homeotherms

A

AKA Endotherms (or “warm blooded”)

Maintain a constant, regulated body temperature

68
Q

How do homeotherms regulate their body temp on a CELLULAR level?

A

Increase respiration rates which produces greater heat, warming up body

69
Q

How do homeotherms regulate their body temp on a BEHAVIORAL level? (3)

A

1) Changing habitat
2) Evaporative cooling (panting and sweating)
3) Shivering

NOT their main way of body temp regulation

70
Q

How do poikilotherms regulate their body temp on a CELLULAR level? (2)

A

1) Anti Freeze proteins
2) Heat shock proteins (protect against protein denaturation)

71
Q

How do poikilotherms regulate their body temp on a BEHAVIORAL level? (3)

A

Main form of body temp regulation

1) Changing habitat
2) Evaporative cooling (transpiration in plants)
3) Shivering

72
Q

What organisms are poikilotherms? (6)

A

Plants, fungi, invertebrates, reptiles, fish, amphibians

73
Q

What organisms are homeotherms? (2)

A

Mammals and Birds

74
Q

PLANTS: A higher temperature is associated with ______________ photosynthesis which causes _________________

A

GREATER rate of photosynthesis

–> Causing GREATER INCREASE IN MASS

75
Q

PLANTS: A lower temperature is associated with _______________ which causes __________________

A

LOWER rate of photosynthesis

–> Causing smaller increase in mass

76
Q

A higher temperature is associated with _________________ in ANIMAL POIKILOTHERMS which causes ____________________

A

1) GREATER rates of cellular respiration

2) Greater decrease in mass

77
Q

A lower temperature is associated with _______________ in ANIMAL POIKILOTHERMS which causes ______________________-

A

1) LOWER rates of cellular respiration

2) Smaller decrease in mass

78
Q

A higher temperature is associated with _______________ in ANIMAL HOMEOTHERMS which causes ___________________

A

1) LOWER rates of cellular respiration

2) Smaller decrease in mass

79
Q

A lower temperature is associated with ____________________ in ANIMAL HOMEOTHERMS which causes ____________________

A

1) GREATER rates of cellular respiration

2) Greater decrease in mass

80
Q

Temperature changes affect all trophic levels because:

A

Each level relies on the level before it for energy and matter

–> Any big changes in mass due to rapid temperature changes could cause a mismatch with the mass/energy needs of subsequent levels

BIO 201 (12 decks)

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