U2 Questions + Examples Flashcards
You overhear the following conversation between two brothers (full siblings):
Brother 1: “I inherited genes from mom causing me to have blue eyes and you did not.”
Brother 2: “That is not a correct statement”
Which of the following changes would have made Brother 1’s statement more correct?
1) Changing “inherited” to “received”
2) Changing “genes” to “alleles”
3) Changing “genes” to “chromosomes”
4) None of the above
2) Changing “genes” to “alleles”
–> Both brothers inherited the same genes, but they inherited different alleles of the gene
Which of the following is true regarding “disease genes”?
1) Only certain people have “disease genes”
2) “Disease genes” can only be inherited from a parent who is affected by a disease
3) A healthy individual does not carry any “disease genes”
4) Different alleles of “disease genes” can influence a person’s likelihood of being affected by a disease
4) Different alleles of “disease genes” can influence a person’s likelihood of being affected by a disease
When a biologist is talking about the level of gene expression, they are usually talking about:
1) How strongly expressed a phenotype associated with the gene is
2) How strongly reduced a normal trait is because of a mutation in the gene
3) The number of genes that are involved in producing a trait
4) The level of transcription of a gene
5) None of the above
4) The level of transcription of a gene
In the “switches” conceptual model of gene regulation, which things act as switches?
1) Non-coding DNA sequences
2) messenger RNAs
3) Codons
4) Cells
5) Enzymes
1) Non-coding DNA sequences
How are genes and alleles related?
1) A gene codes for alleles
2) Alleles and genes are the same thing
3) Diploid organisms have two genes for each allele
4) A child has the same genes as his/her mother but may have different alleles
4) A child has the same genes as his/her mother but may have different alleles
Chromosomes that are “X-shaped” represent duplicated (replicated) chromosomes
True
mRNA, proteins, and DNA sequences all influence phenotypes
True
Alleles are different versions of a protein
False
Similarity in a phenotype between parent and offspring may not be due to inherited genetic factors
True
How many alleles of each gene (that is not on a sex chromosome) did you inherit from your father?
1) 0
2) 0.5
3) 1
4) 2
5) It depends on the gene
3) 1 allele
Each body cell of a person (any cell that is not a gamete) has the same number of each chromosome
True
The sequence of DNA nucleotides in an organism’s genome is a blueprint for the phenotype of the organism
False
–> Many other factors can also affect phenotype
Different alleles of a gene can be present in the same individual
True
Which of the following is true about how genes influence phenotypes?
1) Genes code for proteins and proteins influence cell functioning
2) The phenotypic variation among humans largely results from their different genes
3) Genes provide a perfect molecular blueprint for an organism’s phenotypes
4) The genotypes of different individuals make different phenotypes
1) Genes code for proteins and proteins influence cell functioning
Every human passes many somatic mutations to their offspring
False
A gene encoding an enzyme is transcribed in flower petal cells but is not transcribed in root cells of the same plant. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon?
1) Flower cells have the gene in their genomes but root cells do not
2) The gene has non-coding sequences that enable it to be transcribed in flower cells but not in root cells
3) Flower cells have proteins that bind to non-coding sequences of the gene and help turn on transcription but root cells do not
4) All of the above are true
5) B and C are true but not A
5) B and C are true but not A
Both germ-line and somatic mutations can be passed on to offspring
False
Which of the following is the same between a person’s fat cell and their blood vessel cell?
1) The number of alleles that are in the nucleus of the cells.
2) The types of proteins that are made
3) The amounts of different proteins that are made
4) The types of messenger RNA that are made
1) The number of alleles that are in the nucleus of the cells.
Non-coding DNA contains information that is directly relevant to the structure of proteins
False
Some organisms do not undergo mutations
False
Every human being carries somatic mutations
True
Environmental conditions determine which mutations are most likely to occur
False
Mutations are extremely rare in living things
False
Children inherit two alleles of each gene from each parent
False
In humans and most other animals, somatic cells are produced by ___________, while gametes are produced by __________.
Mitosis, Meiosis
Pedigree analysis involves making diagrams that can be used to infer hereditary processes
True
All mutations are harmful
False
Which of the following is true about mutations?
1) Mutations in body cells can be inherited by offspring.
2) Mutations in the noncoding region of a gene can directly impact the structure of the protein.
3) Most mutations are caused by radiation or chemicals in the environment.
4) Some mutations can be beneficial to the organism.
4) Some mutations can be beneficial to the organism.
2 daughters of the same parents are expected to have the same alleles (as each other) on most of their chromosomes
False
The genome is like an architectural blueprint.
False
Which of the following is TRUE regarding inheritance?
1) Children inherit one allele from their mother and one allele from their father for most genes.
2) Children inherit some of their genes (e.g., the huntingtin gene) from their mothers and some of their genes (e.g. a keratin gene) from their fathers.
3) Children inherit body cell mutations that their parents accumulated during their lifetimes.
4) Children inherit “disease genes” only if a parent was affected by a disease.
1) Children inherit one allele from their mother and one allele from their father for most genes.
What is the probability that a randomly chosen gamete produced by an individual whose genotype is Hh carries the h allele?
1) 0%
2) 25%
3) 50%
4) 75%
5) 100%
3) 50%
In humans and most other animals, the type of cells that result from meiosis are:
1) Zygotes
2) Gametes
3) Chromosomes
4) DNA
5) Gonads
2) Gametes
Many phenotypes are affected as much by the environment as they are by inherited factors.
True
Mice are often used in human disease research. In these studies, the mice are a type of physical model.
True
Two male fruit flies that have the same mother and the same father are expected to have the same genes as both their mother and their father.
True
Which of the following is true?
1) Protein coding sequences are harder to find than the transcriptional regulatory sequences because they are rare
2) Protein coding sequences are harder to find than transcriptional regulatory sequences because computer software cannot find them
3) Protein coding sequences are easier to find than transcriptional regulatory sequences because most of the genome codes for proteins
4) Protein coding sequences are easier to find than transcriptional regulatory sequences because they can be found using the genetic code
4) Protein coding sequences are easier to find than transcriptional regulatory sequences because they can be found using the genetic code
A gene encoding an enzyme is transcribed in flower petal cells but is not transcribed in root cells of the same plant. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon?
1) Flower cells have the gene in their genomes but root cells do not have the gene in their genomes
2) The gene has noncoding sequences that enable it to be transcribed in flower cells but prevent it from being transcribed in root cells
3) Flower cells have proteins that bind to noncoding sequences of the gene and help turn on transcription but root cells do not
4) All of the above are true
5) 2 and 3 are true but not 1
5) 2 and 3 are true but not 1
Which of the following is false about mutations?
1) Environmental conditions determine which mutations are most likely to occur
2) Mutations are the origin of all genetic variation in natural populations
3) Most new mutations in an individual will not be inherited by its offspring
4) Toxic chemicals are not a common cause of mutations in living organisms
5) Most mutations are due to errors in DNA replication that are not repaired
1) Environmental conditions determine which mutations are most likely to occur
If a person’s two alleles of a gene are the same, then for this gene, the person is:
Homozygous
