u5

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment, one part of thedual processingof our two-track minds

Question 2

sleep

Answer 2

the periodic, natural loss of consciousness

Question 3

circadian rhythm

Answer 3

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Question 4

REM sleep

Answer 4

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. AKA paradoxical sleep because muscle systems are relaxed but other body systems are active

Question 5

alpha waves

Answer 5

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

- can be detected through EEG scans

Question 6

NREM sleep

Answer 6

non-rapid eye movement sleep

Question 7

hallucination

Answer 7

false sensory experiences

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

large, slow brain waves associated with the deep sleep of NREM-3

Question 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 9

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm - In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Question 10

insomnia

Answer 10

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Question 11

narcolepsy

Answer 11

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks of REM

Question 12

sleep apnea

Answer 12

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Question 13

night terrors

Answer 13

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares
- night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

Question 14

dream

Answer 14

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Question 15

manifest content

Answer 15

the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) Determined by Sigmund Freud

Question 16

latent content

Answer 16

the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) according to Freud; The unconscious drives and wishes (often erotic) that would be threatening if expressed directly

Question 17

REM rebound

Answer 17

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation; Most other mammals also experience REM rebound, suggesting that the causes and functions of REM sleep are deeply biological

Question 18

psychoactive drug

Answer 18

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 19

substance use disorder

Answer 19

a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Question 20

tolerance

Answer 20

needing more substance for the desired effect

Question 21

withdrawal

Answer 21

Resulting brain changes may persist after quitting use of the substance

Question 22

depressants

Answer 22

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Question 23

alcohol use disorder

Answer 23

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

Question 24

barbiturates

Answer 24

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment; Barbiturates such as Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety. In larger doses, they can impair memory and judgment

Question 25

opiates

Answer 25

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Question 26

stimulants

Answer 26

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Question 27

nicotine

Answer 27

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

Question 28

cocaine

Answer 28

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant

Question 29

amphetamines

Answer 29

drugs, such as methamphetamine, that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 30

methamphetamines

Answer 30

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
- over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Question 31

ecstasy

Answer 31

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition AKA MDMA

Question 32

hallucinogens

Answer 32

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input, ex: LSD

Question 33

near-death experience

Answer 33

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; Found in cardiac arrest patients revived and similar to drug induced hallucinations

Question 34

LSD

Answer 34

a powerful hallucinogenic drug by Albert Hoffman

Question 35

THC

Answer 35

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations