U4AOS1 - Structure and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Flashcards
Bond Strength
How strongly bonds hold atoms together
Bond Length (+ its effect on bond strength)
Distance between the nuclei of two bonding atoms
Stronger BS -> Shorter Bond, Longer Bond -> Weaker BS
Effect of Atoms on Bond Strength
Stronger BS -> Smaller Atoms, Larger Atoms -> Weaker BS
Effect of Electronegativity on a Carbon Atom
The more electronegative an atom is, the stronger its bond will be
What are Structural Isomers
Isomers that have the same molecular formula, but differ in their arrangement of atoms
Positional Isomers - changing the position of a substituent/functional group
Chain Isomers - arranging available atoms into a branch/side chain
Functional Isomers - Changing the identity of the functional group
What are Stereoisomers
Isomers that are bonded in the same order, but arranged differently in three-dimensional spaces
Geometric Isomers - restriction in C=C bondds
Enantiomers (Optical) Isomers - moelcules whos mirror images are not superimposable
Geometric Isomers
Isomers that occur as a result of a restriction of the ability Carbon-Carbon bonds to be rotated
Geometric Isomers - Cis
Cis isomers have the functional groups bonded on the same horizontal side
(e.g. Cis-but-2-ene)
Geometric Isomers - Trans
Trans Isomers have the functional groups bonded on different horizontal sides
(e.g. trans-but-2-ene)
Geometric Isomers - Neither Cis or Trans
Occurs when the substituents are attached to the same carbon
Enantiomers (Optical Isomers) (+chiral and achiral)
Molecules whos structures and mirror images are not superimposable
Chiral - molecules that cannot align with their mirror image (these are optical isomers)
Achiral - molecules that can align with their mirror image (these are not optical isomers)
Properties of Enatiomers
They have the same chemical and physical properties, such as melting points and boiling points (except when interacting with light)
What is a Chiral Centre
Carbon attached to four different groups
No chiral centres -Chiral or Achiral?
Achiral
Single chiral centre - Chiral or Achiral?
Chiral
Multiple Chiral Centres, no plane of symmetry - Chiral or Achiral?
Chiral
Multiple Chiral Centres, but a plane of symmetry, Chiral or Achiral?
Achiral
Maximum Number of Optical Isomers
2^n, where n is the number of chiral centres
Effect of Enantiomers on Drug Design
Drug molecules can only bind to the drug binding site when their structures match
Enantiomers can cause drug molecules to not be able to interact with the binding site, or cause unintended side effects
Hydroxyl Group
Amine
Primary Amide
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
(Just the C=O portion)
Carbonyl Group
Ester
Ether
Priority of Hydrocarbon Suffixes
Carboxyl Group
(Hydroxyl) Alcohol
Amine
Alkene, yne
Halogens
Number of Carbons Naming
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
