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Parasitology-Lab > U4.2 - Protozoans (Flagellates) > Flashcards

U4.2 - Protozoans (Flagellates) Flashcards

1
Q

protozoans characterized by the presence of whip- like locomotory organ

A

flagellates

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2
Q

structure that enables locomotion

A

flagella

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3
Q

Flagellates:
Before: Phylum ______________
Now: Phylum ______________

A

Sarcomastigophora
Metamonada

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4
Q

3 pathogenic flagellates

A
  1. Giardia lamblia
  2. Dientamoeba fragilis
  3. Trichomonas vaginalis
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5
Q

Flagellates with no cyst stage

A
  1. Trichomonas vaginalis
  2. Trichomonas hominis
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6
Q

All flagellates undergo encystation except?

A

Trichomonas species
Dientamoeba fragilis

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7
Q

Flagella is attached to the ____________ found on the body of the parasite.

A

blepharoplast

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8
Q

All flagellates undergo asexual reproduction through?

A

binary fission

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9
Q

T/F:
Dientamoeba fragilis has no cyst stage.

A

False;
before: no cyst stage
now: has a cyst stage

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10
Q

characterized by foul-smelling diarrhea with increased amount of fat and mucus but no blood

A

Giardia duodenalis

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11
Q

Where can Giardia duodenalis be found?

A

Found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals

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12
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
hosts

A

Humans and other mammals, birds and reptiles

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13
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
type of infection

A

zoonotic

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14
Q

other terms for Giardia duodenalis

A
  1. Giardia lamblia
  2. Giardia intestinalis
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15
Q

T/F:
Giardia duodenalis accounts for STDs

A

True;
through anal sex

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16
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
habitat

A

duodenum (crypts)

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17
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
MOT

A

ingestion of infective cysts from fecally contaminated water or food

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18
Q

structure targeted by Giardia duodenalis

A

brush borders of intestinal epithelia

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19
Q

Explain why stool with Giardia duodenalis has excess mucus or fat.

A

The brush borders of intestinal epithelia responsible for absorption are targeted by G. duodenalis, so lipids are not absorbed, causing foul smell upon stool passage.

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20
Q

Giardia lamblia was coined by?

A

Giard and Lambl
(in 1800s)

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21
Q

also discovered Giardia lamblia in his own stool

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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22
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
virulence factor

A

ventral sucking disc

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23
Q

Unique structure of Giardia duodenalis that attaches to the intestinal cells

A

ventral sucking disc

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24
Q

Once the G. duodenalis is attached to the intestinal cells, the parasite cause what?

A
  1. villous flattening
  2. crypt atrophy
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25
Q

G. duodenalis trophozoites adhering to GIT target signaling networks such as caspases that initiate cellular apoptosis leading to?

A
  1. loss of intercellular junctions
  2. cytoskeleton rearrangement
  3. cell barrier dysfunction
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26
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
pathophysiological mechanisms

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. malabsorption
  3. electrolyte imbalance
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27
Q

Giardia duodenalis (trophozoite)
motility:
shape:
nuclei:
flagella:

A

motility: falling leaf
shape: inverted, pear, spoon, teardrop
nuclei: 2
flagella: 4 pairs (2 lateral, 1 ventral, 1 caudal)

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28
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
additional structures

A
  1. claw-hammer-shaped median bodies
  2. ventral sucking disk
  3. 2 axostyles
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29
Q

Giardia duodenalis is made up of?

A

cytoskeleton/ microtubules

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30
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
appearance

A

old man’s eye with glasses

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31
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
median bodies function

A

energy source

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32
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
axostyle and axoneme function

A

support and movement

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33
Q

Giardia duodenalis (cyst)
motility:
shape:
nuclei:
flagella:
size:

A

Giardia duodenalis (cyst)
motility: nonmotile
shape: oval, ellipsoidal
nuclei: 4 in mature (2-4)
flagella: none
size: 8-19 um x 11-14 um (LW)

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34
Q

Giardia duodenalis (cyst):
additional structures

A
  1. median bodies
  2. axoneme (multiple axostyles)
  3. deeply stained, curved fibrils
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35
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
pathology

A
  1. Similar to amebiasis and bacterial diarrhea
  2. Traveler’s diarrhea, gay bowel syndrome
  3. Epigastric pain, flatulence, fat malabsorption
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36
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
diagnosis

A
  1. routine stool examination
  2. entero test
  3. duodenal aspirate examination
  4. immunoassyas
  5. tissue biopsy
  6. molecular testing
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37
Q

entero test is also called

A

string test

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38
Q

identify the parasite where entero test is performed

A

G. duodenalis

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39
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
prevention and control

A
  1. proper or sanitary disposal of human excreta
  2. normal water chlorination will not affect cysts, but usual water treatment modalities should be adequate.
    - purification methodologies (boiling of water)
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40
Q

originally described as ameba

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

41
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis (trophozoite and cyst):
nuclei:
peripheral chromatin:
karyosome:

A

nuclei: 1 or 2
peripheral chromatin: nuclear membrane has no chromatin
karyosome: 4-6 discrete granules

42
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis (trophozoite):
motility:
resemblance:
flagella:
size range:

A

motility: nonprogressive (with pseudopod)
resemblance: amoeba
flagella: no visible flagella (under EM: alike flagella of trichomonads)
size range: 5-15 um

43
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis (cyst):
motility:
cell wall:
size range:

A

motility: nonmotile
cell wall: inner and outer
size range: 5-8 um

44
Q

The genes of D. fragilis are very common among?

A

Trichomonas

45
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis:
MOT

A

fecal-oral route

46
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis may be carried by?

A
  1. Ascaris eggs
  2. Enterobius eggs
47
Q

T/F:
Trophozoites cannot survive mucus induced by D. fragilis.

A

False;
can survive

48
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis:
pathogenesis

A
  1. usually asymptomatic
  2. common symptoms: intermittent diarrhea with excess mucus
49
Q

T/F:
Dientamoeba fragilis diagnosis:
Perform DFS.

A

True

50
Q

T/F:
Dientamoeba fragilis diagnosis:
detected by concentration techniques

A

False;
cannot be detected

51
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis diagnosis:
fixatives used

A
  1. PVA fixative
  2. Schaudinn’s fixative
52
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis:
treatment

A

Iodoquinol

53
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis exists as?

A
  1. pseudocystic stages - round, no motility
  2. trophozoites
    - flagellate and ameboid (pear-shaped)
    NO CYST STAGE
54
Q

rapidly dividing tissue-feeding forms of trophozoites

A

ameboid

55
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
motility:
shape:
flagella:
size:

A

motility: non-directional/ jerk
shape: pear-shaped/ pyriform
flagella: 3-5 anterior, 1 posterior
size: 7-23 um x 5-15 um

56
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
additional structures

A

undulating membrane

57
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
MOT

A
  1. sexual transmission
  2. infant delivery
  3. use of contaminated towels and underwear
58
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
habitat

A

female: vagina/ cervix
male: prostate gland

59
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
found usually in ________ specimen

A

vaginal / urethral
urine

60
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
reproduction

A

binary fission

61
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
virulence factor

A

release of lytic enzyme

62
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
likes acidic or basic pH?

A

acidic

63
Q

What does T. vaginalis do to the tissue?

A

small puncture in the tissue
causes hemorrhagic spots inflaming cervix, vaginal wall, and prostate

64
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis releases this enzyme; what is its capacity?

A

proteinases
lysis capacity (lyse RBCs and surrounding tissue)

65
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
pathology

A

female (symptomatic):
1. Leukorrhea
2. vulvovaginatis
3. intense burning and itching sensation (pruritus vulva)
4. strawberry cervix

male (asymptomatic):
1. UTI
2. inflamed seminal vesicle, prostate, or epididymis

66
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
virulence capabilities

A
  1. cysteine proteinases
  2. nutrient acquisition and adherence
  3. cell-detaching factor = cytopathic effect
  4. damage of target plasma membrane
  5. interaction with vaginal flora
  6. immune system evasion
  7. virulence genes regulation
67
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
thrives in _________ flora
pH: ______

A

acidic
4.5

68
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
diagnosis

A
  1. urinalysis
  2. vaginal discharge, vaginal scrapings examination
  3. cervical smear
  4. seminal, prostatic fluid examination
  5. fluorescent staining
  6. culture
  7. immunoassays
  8. molecular testing
69
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
treatment

A
  1. metronidazole
  2. antibiotic - bacterial disinfection
70
Q

patients affected by T. vaginalis

A

HIV/ AIDS patients

71
Q

T/F:
The cyst morphologic form is not known to exist in the life cycle of T. vaginalis.

A

True

72
Q

T. Vaginalis may be recovered in which of the following specimens?
A. Urine
B. Vaginal discharge
C. Blood
D. Urethral discharge
E. More than one: specify ____

A

A
B
D

73
Q

Non-pathogenic Flagellates

A
  1. Pentatrichomonas (Trichomonas) hominis
  2. Trichomonas tenax
  3. Chilomastix mesnili
74
Q

Chilomastix mesnili (trophozoite)
motility:
nuclei:
flagella:
size:

A

motility: boring, rotary, cork screw, spiral forward
nuclei: 1
flagella: 3 anterior, 1 in cytostome
size: 10-20 x 3-10 um

75
Q

shepherd’s crook-like cytostome/ spiral groove of the cystomal fibril

A

Chilomastix mesnili (trophozoite)

76
Q

safety pin appearance

A

Chilomastix mesnili (trophozoite)

77
Q

Chilomastix mesnili (trophozoite):
additional structures

A
  1. cystomal fibril (shepherd’s crook-like cytostome/ spiral groove)
  2. spiral groove across ventral surface
78
Q

Chilomastix mesnili (cyst)
motility:
shape:
nuclei:
size:

A

motility: nonmotile
shape: lemon-shaped/ nipple-shaped
nuclei: 1
size: 6-10 um

79
Q

Chilomastix mesnili (cyst):
additional structures

A

anterior hyaline knob

80
Q

Identify the parasite:
Almost the same life cycle as Chilomastix

A

Enteromonas hominis

81
Q

Enteromonas hominis:
MOT

A

ingestion of cysts
(Contamination of water, food, or hands/fomites with infective cysts)

82
Q

Enteromonas hominis (trophozoite):
nucleus:
shape:
flagella:
motility:

A

nucleus: 1
shape: oval
flagella: 3 anterior, 1 posterior
motility: jerky motility

83
Q

Enteromonas hominis (cyst):
nucleus:
shape:
motility:

A

Enteromonas hominis (cyst):
nucleus: 2 or 4 (located at ends of cyst)
shape: oval
motility: nonmotile

84
Q

Identify the parasite:
Almost the same life cycle as E. hominis

A

Retortamonas intestinalis

85
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis (trophozoite):
nucleus:
flagella:
cytostome:
motility:

A

nucleus: 1
flagella: 1 anterior, 1 posterior
cytostome: cleft-like
motility: jerky motility

86
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis (cyst):
nucleus:
shape:
cytostomal fibril:
motility:

A

nucleus: 1
shape: pear-shaped or slightly
lemon-shaped
cytostomal fibril: bird’s beak
appearance
motility: nonmotile

87
Q

Identify the parasite:
Formerly known as Trichomonas hominis

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

88
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis:
number of flagella

A

5 (penta)

89
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis:
habitat

A

colon

90
Q

Pentatrichomonas hominis (trophozoite):
nucleus:
motility:
flagella:
additional structures:

A

nucleus: 1
motility: jerky motility
flagella: 4 anerior, 1 posterior
additional structures:
1. Conical cytostome
2. Axostyle
3. Undulating membrane

91
Q

T/F:
Pentatrichomonas hominis (trophozoite) has a peripheral chromatin.

A

False

92
Q

Trichomonas tenax:
habitat

A

mouth
1. tartar of teeth
2. cavities of carious teeth
3. necrotic mucosal cells in gingival margins

93
Q

Trichomonas tenax:
MOT

A
  1. direct contact (kissing)
  2. use of contaminated glass or dishes (sharing of utensils)
94
Q

Identify the parasite:
Smallest among the flagellates

A

Trichomonas tenax

95
Q

Identify the parasite:
Resistant to changes in temperature

A

Trichomonas tenax

96
Q

Identify the parasite:
Will survive for several hours in drinking water

A

Trichomonas tenax

97
Q

Trichomonas tenax (trophozoite):
nucleus:
shape:
flagella:
motility:

A

nucleus: 1
shape: pyriform
flagella: 4 anterior, 1 posterior
motility: jerky motility

98
Q

Trichomonas tenax (trophozoite):
additional structures

A
  1. Axostyle
  2. Cytostome
  3. Undulating membrane
    • 2/3 body length

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