U4.1a - Protozoans (Amoeba) Flashcards
1
Q
Trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica have these characteristics.
A. small, delicate nuclear karyosomal chromatin
B. fine, even peripheral chromatin
C. Progressive motility with hyaline, finger-like pseudopods
D. All of these
A
D
2
Q
Fresh specimens are mandatory for the recovery of
A. cysts and trophozoites
B. motile trophozoites
A
B
3
Q
Which of the following is not useful for direct fecal smear analysis?
A. NSS
B. Gram’s iodine
C. Lugol’s iodine
D. Nair’s Buffered Methylene Blue
A
B
4
Q
Order of stain for DFS
A
1st: NSS
2nd: Lugol’s iodine
5
Q
alternative stain to Lugol’s iodine for trophozoite morphology without killing it
A
Nair’s Buffered Methylene Blue
6
Q
protozoans were under what kingdom before?
A
kingdom animalia
7
Q
5 Phylums under kingdom protozoa
A
- Phylum Amoebazoa
- Phylum Metamonada
- C. Phylum Euglenozoa
- Phylum Ciliophora
- Phylum Apicomplexa
8
Q
Classes/ Orders/ Species under Phylum Amoebazoa
A
- Entamoeba histolytica
- E. coli
- E. hartmanni
- Iodamoeba bütschlii
- Endolimax nana
- Naegleria fowleri
- Acanthamoeba spp.
9
Q
Classes/ Orders/ Species under Phylum Metamonada
A
- Giardia lamblia
- Dientamoeba fragilis
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- T. tenax
10
Q
Classes/ Orders/ Species under Phylum Euglenozoa
A
- Leishmania spp.
- Trypanosomes
11
Q
Classes/ Orders/ Species under Phylum Ciliophora
A
- Balantidium coli
12
Q
Classes/ Orders/ Species under Phylum Apicomplexa
A
- Babesia spp.
- Plasmodium spp.
- Toxoplasma gondii
13
Q
Amoebae’s General Characteristic:
Characterized by the presence of hyaline foot-like extrusions from the ectoplasm
A
Pseudopodia
14
Q
Structure in the amoeba that contains DNA
A
peripheral chromatin
15
Q
Structure in the amoeba that contains chromatin
A
nuclear karyosome
16
Q
other term for karyosome
A
endosome
17
Q
two parts of cytoplasm
A
endoplasm (inside)
ectoplasm (outside)
18
Q
cytoplasm that contains organelles, nutrients (glycogen), and functions for metabolic processes
A
endoplasm
19
Q
cytoplasm that functions for motility
A
ectoplasm
20
Q
Amoebae’s General Characteristic:
All amoebae are intestine dwellers except?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis (mouth)
21
Q
Amoebae’s General Characteristic:
All amoebae are commensals except?
A
Entamoeba histolytica
22
Q
Amoebae’s General Characteristic:
Cyst is the infective stage in amoebae except?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis;
infective stage: trophozoite
no cyst stage
23
Q
Amoebae’s General Characteristic:
now: Phylum Amoebazoa
before: Phylum ____________
A
Sarcomastigophora
24
Q
4 stages in the life cycle
A
- trophozoite
- pre-cystic stage
- cyst
- metacystic stage
25
describe the processes of pre-cystic and metacystic stages
quick
not very observable under the microscope
26
life cycle stage:
feeding form
trophozoite
27
life cycle stage:
labile
trophozoite
28
life cycle stage:
motile or active
trophozoite
29
life cycle stage:
recovered only in fresh stool samples
trophozoite
30
life cycle stage:
uninucleated
trophozoite
pre-cystic stage
31
life cycle stage:
starts to become a cyst (encystation)
pre-cystic stage
32
life cycle stage:
non-feeding form
cyst
33
life cycle stage:
resistant to environment
cyst
34
life cycle stage:
nonmotile or inactive
cyst
35
process when trophozoite transforms into a cyst
Encystation
36
process when a cyst transforms into a trophozoite
Excystation
37
structure that extends cytoplasm
pseudopodium
38
function of glycogen bodies in Entamoeba histolytica cysts
nutrient source/ food reserve
for multiplication
39
Entamoeba histolytica:
MOT
ingestion of cyst from contaminated food or water, bad hygiene
40
Entamoeba histolytica:
habitat
digestive tract (large intestine)
41
In some cases, very pathogenic and invasive types of amoeba can cause?
intestinal amebiasis
42
Intestinal amebiasis can harbor to nearby organs such as?
liver
43
specimen that can also be collected for Entamoeba histolytica detection (intestinal amebiasis)
liver aspirate
44
T/F:
Lungs and brain can also be infected by Entamoeba histolytica.
True
45
In the cycle of Entamoeba histolytica, ___________ are killed, while ______ continue the cycle.
trophozoites
cysts
46
Entamoeba histolytica:
encystation or excystation?
excystation
47
Common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions, third-world countries
Entamoeba histolytica
48
Most pathogenic amoeba; true pathogen
Entamoeba histolytica
49
Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica is reflected in its ability to cause?
1. invasive intestinal amoebiasis
2. extraintestinal amoebic infections
50
Entamoeba histolytica:
Infective Stage
mature cyst;
"tetra/ quadrinucleated”
51
Entamoeba histolytica:
Virulent Stage/ Feeding Form
Trophozoite
52
Entamoeba histolytica:
final host
man
53
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites release 3 virulence factors which are?
1. Lectin
2. Amoebapores
3. Cysteine proteinases
54
Entamoeba histolytica's virulence factor that functions for attachment
Lectin
55
Entamoeba histolytica's virulence factor that produces holes on the lining of large intestine
Amoebapores
56
Entamoeba histolytica's virulence factor that disrupts tissue and spreads infection
Cysteine proteinases
57
Commensal amoebae can also be opportunistic in?
immunocompromised patients (weak hosts)
58
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin:
cytoplasm:
size range:
motility: Progressive aggressive/ rapid directional
nucleus: 1 (mononucleated)
karyosome: centrally located
peripheral chromatin: evenly distributed
cytoplasm: finely granular
size range: 12-60 um (usually, 15-20 um)
59
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite:
additional structures
1. finger-like pseudopodia (hyaline)
2. hematophagus (ingested RBCs)
60
ingestion of RBCs
hematophagus
61
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite:
cytoplasm appearance
ground-glass appearance
62
Entamoeba histolytica cyst:
motility:
shape:
wall thickness:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin:
size range:
Entamoeba histolytica cyst:
motility: nonmotile
shape: round
cell wall: thin
nucleus: 4
karyosome: centrally located
peripheral chromatin: evenly distributed
size range: 10-20 um (usually 12-15 um)
63
Entamoeba histolytica cyst:
additional structures
chromatoidal bar
- cigar shape
- sausage shape
- rod shape
- coffin shape
(with rounded ends)
64
Entamoeba histolytica cyst:
similar in morphology with?
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba bangladeshi
65
Entamoeba moshkovskii is also called?
Laredo strain
66
Motility is observed in __________, but not in __________.
unstained
stained
67
Entamoeba histolytica:
laboratory technique
direct fecal smear
68
Entamoeba histolytica:
concentration technique
1. FECT
2. MIF
3. Floatation
- Zinc sulfate
- Brine Technique
69
T/F:
We only concentrate trophozoites.
False;
only cysts
70
Entamoeba histolytica:
culture media
chick embryo
71
Entamoeba histolytica:
stains
1. Lugol's iodine
2. Permanent stains
- iron hematoxylin
- trichrome
- best carmine
72
Entamoeba histolytica:
serological tests
1. IFAT
2. ELISA
73
Entamoeba histolytica:
serological test for antigen testing
IFAT
74
IFAT stands for?
indirect fluorescent antibody test
75
Entamoeba histolytica:
serological test that uses antibodies to differentiate from similar-looking commensal amoeba
ELISA
76
ELISA stands for?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
77
Entamoeba histolytica:
treatment
1. metronidazole (tinidazole)
2. diloxanide furoate
78
Entamoeba histolytica:
treatment for tissue infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica (trophozoite)
metronidazole
79
T/F:
Metronidazole only kills trophozoites; observed stage - cyst
True
80
Entamoeba histolytica:
treatment for asymptomatic cyst passers
diloxanide furoate
81
Non-pathogenic lumen dweller
Entamoeba coli
82
Entamoeba coli:
MOT
ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food
83
Entamoeba coli (trophozoite)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin:
cytoplasm:
size range:
motility: Sluggish, nondirectional
nucleus: 1 (mononucleated)
karyosome: large, not compact usually eccentric
peripheral chromatin: Unevenly arranged and clumped
cytoplasm: granular "dirty-looking" cytoplasm usually vacuolated, contains debris
size range: 15-50 um (usually, 20-25um)
84
Entamoeba coli (trophozoite):
additional structures
blunt, granular pseudopodia
85
Entamoeba coli (cyst)
motility:
shape:
wall thickness:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin:
size range:
motility: nonmotile
shape: Spherical/oval
wall thickness: thick
nucleus: 8 (octonucleated)
karyosome: eccentric
peripheral chromatin: coarsely granular/clumped unevenly distributed
size range: 10-35 um (usually, 15-25um)
86
Entamoeba coli (cyst):
additional structures
chromatoidal bar
- splinter-shaped
- broom stick appearance
- rough, pointed ends
87
small race of E. histolytica
Entamoeba hartmanni
88
Entamoeba hartmanni (trophozoite)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
cytoplasm:
size:
motility: non-progressive
nucleus: 1 (mononucleated)
karyosome: Small, may be centrally located or eccentric
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
evenly distributed (Same with E. histolytica/E. dispar)
cytoplasm: Finely granular may contain bacteria
size: 5-12 um
89
Entamoeba hartmanni (trophozoite):
additional structures
pesudopod
(similar to E. histolytica)
90
Entamoeba hartmanni (cyst)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
size:
motility: nonmotile
shape: spherical
nucleus: 4 (commonly 2)
karyosome: small, centrally located
peripheral chromatin: evenly distributed
size range: 5-10 um
91
Entamoeba hartmanni (cyst):
additional structures
1. diffuse glycogen vacuole/ mass
2. chromatoidal body with blunt, smooth, round edges
92
Endolimax nana (trophozoite)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
cytoplasm:
size:
motility: sluggish, non-progressive
nucleus: 1 (mononucleated)
karyosome: large, irregular
peripheral chromatin (if stained): usually none
cytoplasm: contains bacteria
size: 6-12 um
93
Endolimax nana (trophozoite):
additional structures
1. ingested bacteria
2. blunt and hyaline pseudopodia
3. food vacuoles
94
Endolimax nana (cyst)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
size:
motility: nonmotile
nucleus: oval/ spherical
karyosome: smaller than in trophozoites
peripheral chromatin: none
size: 5-10 um
95
Endolimax nana (cyst):
additional structures
chromatoidal bodies
- rarely present
- fine linear faintly visible in stained smears
96
smallest amoeba
Endolimax nana
97
oval, cross-eyed amoeba
Endolimax nana
98
ameba of swine (pigs)
Iodamoeba butschlii
99
Iodamoeba butschlii contains large, chromatic-rich karyosome surrounded by a layer of __________ ____________ and anchored to the nuclear membrane by ___________ ____________.
achromatic globules
achromatic fibrils
100
Iodamoeba butschlii (trophozoite)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
cytoplasm:
size:
motility: sluggish usually non-progressive
nucleus: 1 (mononucleated)
karyosome: large, eccentric
peripheral chromatin (if stained): none
cytoplasm: granular and heavily vacuolated with bacteria
size: 8-20 um
101
Iodamoeba butschlii (cyst)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
peripheral chromatin (if stained):
size:
motility: nonmotile
nucleus: 1
karyosome: large, eccentric refractile granules may be on one side (basket nucleus)
peripheral chromatin (if stained): none
size: 5-20 um
102
Iodamoeba butschlii (trophozoite and cyst):
additional structure/ appearance
1. "basket of flowers" due to achromatic granules
2. glycogen vacuole
103
amoeba of pigs and monkeys
Entamoeba polecki
104
most common parasite in Papua New Guinea
Entamoeba polecki
105
Entamoeba polecki is what type of infection?
zoonotic
106
Entamoeba polecki (trophozoite)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
motility: undirectional, progressive, sluggish
nucleus: 1
karyosome: centrally located
107
Entamoeba polecki (trophozoite):
additional structures
pseupodia
hematophagus
108
Entamoeba polecki (cyst)
motility:
nucleus:
karyosome:
motility: nonmotile
nucleus: 1
karyosome: large, centrally located
109
Amoeba seen in apes and monkeys
Entamoeba chattoni
110
morphologically similar to E. polecki
Entamoeba chattoni
111
T/F:
Entamoeba gingivalis' infective stage is cyst stage.
False;
NO CYST STAGE
112
Entamoeba gingivalis:
habitat
oral cavity (gum line)
113
Entamoeba gingivalis may also be seen in?
genital tract
114
T/F:
Entamoeba gingivalis are scavengers (eat debris).
True
115
first amoeba in man
Entamoeba gingivalis
116
Samples where Entamoeba gingivalis may be seen
sputum (can go to the lungs)
117
Entamoeba gingivalis is non-pathogenic, but it can be seen in patients with?
pyorrhea alveolaris (gum infections)
118
Entamoeba gingivalis (trophozoite):
nucleus:
peripheral chromatin:
additional structures:
nucleus: 1
peripheral chromatin: fine, evenly distributed
additional structures:
- hematophagus
- blunt pseudopodia
- food vacuoles
119
ectopic form of amebiasis
extra-intestinal disease
