U4- Science!

Question 1

Epistemology

Answer 1

How We Know Things

Question 2

Ancient System of Knowledge

Answer 2

Based on Aristotelian principles and Church authority.
Relied on reasoning, not empirical evidence.
Geocentrism: Earth-centered universe, divine forces.

Question 3

New Epistemology

Answer 3

Scientific Method

Question 4

Francis Bacon

Answer 4

Inductive reasoning—observation, experimentation, general principles.

Question 5

René Descartes

Answer 5

Deductive reasoning—logical proofs, “Cogito, ergo sum.”

Question 6

Cosmology

Answer 6

Understanding the Universe

Question 7

Geocentrism

Answer 7

Earth-centered, Ptolemaic view; supported by the Church.

Question 8

Heliocentrism

Answer 8

Sun-centered system

Question 9

Copernicus (1543)

Answer 9

Proposed the heliocentric model.

Question 10

Galileo

Answer 10

Observed moons of Jupiter, Moon’s imperfections via telescope.

Question 11

Kepler

Answer 11

Planetary motion with elliptical orbits

Question 12

Astronomy & Physics

Answer 12

Galileo: Motion studies laid groundwork for Newton’s laws.
Newton: Unified framework for motion and gravitation.

Question 13

Biology & Anatomy

Answer 13

Microscope advances (e.g., Anton van Leeuwenhoek in microbiology).
Progress in anatomical observations and dissections.

Question 14

Scientific Societies

Answer 14

Institutions like the Royal Society of London and the French Academy fostered collaboration.

Question 15

Women in the Scientific Revolution

Answer 15

Participated despite barriers (15% of German astronomers were women).
Often worked alongside male relatives.
Excluded from universities and scientific societies.
Contributions overlooked, highlighting modern movements for women in STEM.

Question 16

State Competition and Scientific Development

Answer 16

States supported science for practical purposes:
Navigation (exploration and colonization).
Military advancements (weapons technology).
National prestige.
Fragmented authority (e.g., Holy Roman Empire) → competition, driving progress.

Question 17

Studying the Scientific Revolution

Answer 17

Contrast ancient vs. modern epistemology and cosmology.
Explore key figures: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton.
Analyze societal impacts: Women’s contributions, state-supported science.
Connect to broader movements like the Renaissance and Enlightenment.