U2- Reformation Core ✌️😃 (feat. 95 pieces of paper)

Question 1

Martin Luther

Answer 1

Critiqued indulgences and Church corruption. Challenged Church authority, sacraments, and non-Biblical traditions.

Question 2

Core ideas of the Reformation

Answer 2

Sola scriptura: Scripture alone.
Sola fide: Faith alone.
Sola gratia: Grace alone

Question 3

Role of the Printing Press

Answer 3

Amplified reformist critiques.
Enabled widespread dissemination of ideas.

Question 4

Christian Humanism

Answer 4

Ad fontes (“return to sources”): Bible and early Church Fathers.
Key figures: Erasmus, Jan van Eyck.

Question 5

Impact on Society

Answer 5

Education: Increased literacy for Bible reading, especially among women.
Women’s Roles: Limited advancement, but women spread Protestant faith.
Social Class: Long-term societal shifts; no immediate revolution.

Question 6

Confessionalization

Answer 6

Institutionalized beliefs within denominations to maintain stability.

Question 7

French Wars of Religion

Answer 7

Catholics vs. Huguenots vs. politiques (e.g., Catherine de’ Medici, Henry IV).
Edict of Nantes (1598): Religious tolerance in France.

Question 8

Dutch Revolt

Answer 8

Split Spanish Netherlands into Catholic South and Protestant North.

Question 9

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 9

Ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648): Modern state system, end of large-scale religious wars.

Question 10

Politique Leaders

Answer 10

Prioritized political unity over religious orthodoxy.
Examples: Elizabeth I, Henry IV (“Paris is worth a Mass”).

Question 11

Art and Religious Expression

Answer 11

Mannerism: Elongated forms, emotional intensity.
Baroque: Dramatic contrasts (chiaroscuro), emotional depth, faith-evoking themes (e.g., Caravaggio).

Question 12

Skepticism

Answer 12

Reaction to religious violence; questioned absolute knowledge (e.g., Montaigne).

Question 13

Military Revolution

Answer 13

Infantry, gunpowder weapons, mobile artillery replaced medieval tactics.

Question 14

Key Doctrines

Answer 14

Transubstantiation vs. Consubstantiation.
Sola fide challenging social hierarchies.

Question 15

Religious Wars

Answer 15

Shifted diplomacy and governance toward secularism.