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VCE Biology Units 3/4 > U4 AOS2 > Flashcards

U4 AOS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Allele Frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in the gene pool

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2
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus

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3
Q

Population

A

Members of one interbreeding species living in one region at a certain time

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4
Q

Gene pool

A

Total genetic info of a population

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5
Q

Genotype

A

Total set of genetic info

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6
Q

Polygenetic

A

Controlled by multiple genes

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7
Q

Monogenentic

A

Controlled by 1 gene

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8
Q

Allele Frequency

A

2(#of homo) + Humber of hetero

÷ total #

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9
Q

Selective pressures

A

A random event that alters a populations gene pool

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to the influence of selection pressures

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11
Q

Genetic drift

A

Fluctations in the frequency of alleles in a population as a result of random events

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

Aa

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13
Q

Homologous Dominant

A

AA

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14
Q

Homologous Recessive

A

aa

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15
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

reduction of genetic diversity in a population due to a random event - natural disaster.

Survivors live by chance

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16
Q

Founder Effect

A

reduction of genetic diversity in a population due to a small group of individuals from a larger population moving and making a new popualtion

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17
Q

Gene Flow

A

the flow of alleles in and out of a population

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18
Q

Immigration

A

movement into a population to increase genetic diversity

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19
Q

Emigration

A

movement out of a population to decrease genetic diversity

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20
Q

Interbreeding

A

2 individuals from different populations breed and have healthy and fertile offspring

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21
Q

Three factors that cause mutations

A

Mutagens (physical and chemical) and pathogens

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22
Q

Mutagen

A

an agent that causes mutations in the DNA

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23
Q

When is a mutation heritable

A

in the germline cells

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24
Q

When is a mutation NOT heritable

A

in the somatic cells

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25
Q

Somatic mutations

A

Mutations that occur in body cells and are not heritable by offspring

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26
Q

Germline mutations

A

Mutations that occur in gametes and are thus heritable by offspring

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27
Q

Point mutation

A

Smallest gene mutation, where only one base is affected, being substitutions, insertions or deletions

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28
Q

Silent mutation

A

When a mutation has no effect on the expression of the genetic material because it still codes for the same amino acid

29
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A mutation that changes the codon, which now codes for a different amino acid

30
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that causes the formation of a premature stop codon

31
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

A point mutation that alters the sequence of bases following it

32
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Gain or loss of a single chromosme

33
Q

Polyploidy

A

When an organism or cell has the wrong number of sets of chromosomes (such as 3 of each chromosome instead of 2 in humans)

34
Q

Divisions of geological time scale from smallest to largest

A

Epochs, then periods, then eras, then eons

35
Q

What are fossils?

A

The preserved remains, impressions or traces of organisms

36
Q

Fossil record

A

The total number of fossils that have been discovered and provide evidence of evolution

37
Q

Index fossils

A

Fossils of geologically short-lived species that have a limited occurence in the fossil record and are thus useful for relative dating

38
Q

Transitional fossils

A

A fossil that shows traits from ancestors and descendants. Shows Relationship.

39
Q

Species

A

A group of individuals that are able to interbreed under natural conditions to form viable and fertile offspring

40
Q

Prezygotic isolation factor examples

A

**Before Fertilisation occurs; **
Temporal- day active VS night active
Geographic - mountains vs valleys
Behavioural - rituals
Mechanical - different sex organs

41
Q

Post-zygotic isolation factor examples

A

** After Fertilization occurs;**
Incompatibility of gametes, inviability of zygote and sterility of hybrid

42
Q

Artificial / Selective breeding

A

When humans deliberately breed individuals with desirable traits in order to produce offspring that possess these desirable traits

43
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures found in different species that are similar but have different functions

44
Q

Vestigial structure

A

A structure that no longer has a purpose in the organism but did in its ancestor

45
Q

Allopatric speciation
(FInches)

A

When a geographical barrier prevents gene flow between populations, which evolve over time due to different selection pressures and natural selection favouring different traits as offering selective advantages, eventually the populations would not be able to produce fertile or viable offspring and would be different species

46
Q

Sympatric speciation
(Palms)

A

When speciation occurs without a geographical barrier, and another factor prevents gene flow

47
Q

Antigenic drift

A

When mutations in a pathogen’s nucleic material results in small changes to its antigens

48
Q

Antigenic shift

A

When multiple strains of a virus combine to form a new strain of the virus with antigens from each of the original strains

49
Q

Classification of humans

A

Mammals, primates, hominoids, hominins

50
Q

Structural morphology

A

The study of the similarities and differences between the structures of species to determine relatedness

51
Q

Hominins vs Hominids

A

Hominins are humans and all ancestors, Homininds are humans, great apes, and ancestors

52
Q

Why can’t carbon 14 dating be used to date rocks?

A

Carbon 14 dating can only be used with organic material

53
Q

Optimal conditions for the formation of fossils

A

Rapid burial by deposit of sediment layers, low temperature and anaerobic conditions that are not disturbed and are free of decomposers or scavengers

54
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • Antigens that the monoclonal antibodies are designed to act on are injected into a mouse.
  • This stimulates the production of B plasma cells specific to this antigen.
  • These B plasma cells are extracted from the mouse, and fused with a myeloma to form a hybridoma.
  • The antibodies produced are extracted and purified.
55
Q

From fossils, what two pieces of evidence could suggest the fossils are from the same species?

A

There are relatively few differences between different fossils of the same structures and structures appear to fit together for all fossils

56
Q

Why are ancestral domestic and farm animals very different to modern animals?

A

Selective breeding has resulted in the increased frequency of traits that humans find desirable

57
Q

Trace fossil and an example

A

Geological records of the activities of an organism rather than the organism itself, such as footprints

58
Q

Cast

A

A mold that has filled with sediment

59
Q

Mold

A

An impression of an organism

60
Q

Primate example and hominoid example respectively

A

Monkey and orangutan

61
Q

How do cave drawings give evidence of cultural evolution?

A

Passing of information between generations and evidence of complex thought or symbolic representation

62
Q

Why might populations have similar genetic material?

A

They may have a relatively recent common ancestor or interbreeding/gene flow may occur

63
Q

When is the gene pool altered?

A

ONLY when a new allele is introduced or an existing allele is lost

64
Q

3 Advantages of bipedalism

A

Hands are free for manipulating objects such as tools, increased ability to travel long distances to hunt, and greater vision of predators

65
Q

Trends as human ancestors become more similar to modern humans

A

Bipedalism (involving the centralised position of the foramen magnum,
curvature of the spinal column and more bowl shaped pelvis), larger brain size (cranial capacity), increase in leg-to-arm length ratio and longer feet with more defined arches.

66
Q

Divergent evolution

A

When species sharing a common ancestor become more distinct due to different selection pressures

67
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The process whereby distantly related species independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar selection pressures

68
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which a species evolves to give rise to at least one new species

VCE Biology Units 3/4 (4 decks)

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