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VCE Biology Units 3/4 > U4 AOS 1 > Flashcards

U4 AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

An agent that causes disease.

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2
Q

Cellular Pathogen

A

Have a cellular structure and are living organisms

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3
Q

Cellular Pathogen - Bacteria

A

Unicellular Pathogen that can cause disease through toxin and enzyme production to alter cell functioning.

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4
Q

Non Cellular Pathogens

A

Do not have a cellular structure and are non-living.

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5
Q

Non Cellular Viruses

A

An infectious agent composed of genetic material inside a protein that can not independently reproduce.

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6
Q

Disease Control Methods

A

Prevention:practising personal hygiene, drinking clean water, using condoms and bug spray

Vaccination: to provide long-term protection against infectious diseases

Medication: to manage infectious diseases, e.g, antibiotics for a bacterial infection

Surveillance: Monitor disease to prevent outbreaks

Modification: make environment less suitable for microbe growth

Infection Control: prevent spread. Sterilisation,isolation, and hygiene.

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7
Q

Disease

A

A condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organ,structure, or system

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8
Q

Infectious disease

A

Can be transmitted from one person to another

Eg. Cholera

Caused by pathogenic agents.

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9
Q

Non- Infectious disease

A

Can not be spread from affected person via the environment

Eg. Cancer

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10
Q

Emerging Disease

A

Disease caused by an unknown agent that has spread to humans from another species

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11
Q

Re-Emerging disease

A

Reappears after a decline in incidence

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12
Q

Endemic Disease

A

Constantly in low levels in the population

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13
Q

Outbreak

A

Sudden disease increase locally

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14
Q

Epidemic

A

Infectious disease spreads across nation

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15
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease spreads across the world in 3 countries in 2 regions

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16
Q

Triad model of infection

A

Pathogen; the disease causing organism

Host; target of the disease

Environment; conditions that allow transmission.

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17
Q

Physical method to identify virus

A

Identify vurus based on size and shape.

X-ray crystallography; determines structure

Electron microscopy; determines image to identify.

18
Q

Immunological Methods

A

Detects Antigens or antibodies

(ELISA) enzyme-linked immosorbent aasay.

A. Direct Elisa.
B. Indirect Elisa.
C. Sandwich Elisa.

19
Q

Direct Elisa

A
  • a viral antigen is ppaces on a surface.
  • Matching primary antibodies bind to this antigen.
  • The primary antigens have an enzyme indicator.

Steps
1. Coat plate with antigen
2. Antibody specific to antigen is added to wells
3. During incubation, antibodies bind to antigen
4. Wells washed to remove unbinded antibodies
5. Enzyme substrate added to test positive

20
Q

Indirect Elisa

A

Primary antibodies do not have an enzyme indicator

Instead: The enzyme indicator is attached to a secondary antibody… This helps to amplify signal.

21
Q

Sandwich ELIZA

A

Antibodies bind to the surface

22
Q

Phenotypic Methods

A

Techniques that involve identifying traits or features

23
Q

Genotypic + Molecular methods

A

Examines genetic material to identify

24
Q

Patient Zero

A

The 1st person to contract disease.

Important as; helps to identify how a pathogen can be spread and what organisms can spread

25
Q

Reserviours and Hosts

A

Transmission occurs when a pathogen leaves hosts and is transmitted to another.

Reservoir: the habits in which a pathogen lives,grows, and multiplies

Host: infected person

26
Q

Direct Transmission

A

Person to person contact

27
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Airborne or contaminated objects

28
Q

Vectors

A

Carry pathogenetic agents and spread them.

Ticks, fleas, etc.

29
Q

Incubation Period

A

The interval between exposure and onset.

During this: the disease- causing agent multiplies to make symptoms.

30
Q

Asymptomatic Carriers

A

Infected but does not show sign or symptoms

31
Q

Subunit Vaccine

A

Contains part of a micro-organism to produce an immune response

32
Q

Whole-Agent

A

Contains whole non-virulent micro-organism

33
Q

Live Attenutated Vaccines

A

Weakened live microbe created in a lab, using repeated culturing

Advantages
- single dose has long lasting effects

Disadvantages
- can harm foetuses
- can cause disease in a weak immune system

34
Q

Inactivated Vaccines

A

Contains microbes that have been inactivated by heat or radiation

Advantage; can be used in people with weak immune systems

Disadvantage
- stimulates a weak immune system
- requires boosters to maintain

35
Q

Sub-Unit Vaccine

A

Labgrown pathogen with chemically extracted antigens

Advantages; safe, stable, easy to store

Disadvantages; requires multiple doses

36
Q

Toxoid Vaccines

A

A type of recombinant subunit vaccine that uses toxins inactivated by formalin to stimulate adaptive immunity

37
Q

Why are Vaccines given:

A

To reduce spread and build immunity

Graph.

38
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Artificially produced antibodies that bind to one type of antigen

STEPS:
1) Injects mouse with antigen X to make B cells and antibodies
2) repeat injections to increase concentration
3) Remove spleen + culture to separate cells
4) b cells form + fuse with tumor cells = hybridomas
5) unfused cells die leaving only hybridomas
6) hybridomas are cultured in a medium to divide repeatedly
7) cells are checked for antibody presence
8) antigen x harvested
9) injected into subject

39
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Occurs through contact with a disease causing agent

40
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Occurs due to intentional exposure and intervention

41
Q

Ways to control pathogen spread

A

Sterilisation and chemical agents such as antiseptic and disinfectant

42
Q

Inflamation

A

2nd line of defence

Steps
Initiation: bacteria breeches 1st line of defence (intact skin)

Migration:
- cytokines are released and attract neutrophils
- Fluid with peptides and proteins enters tissue

Resolution:
- platelets with clotting factors are released
- neutrophils kill invading antigen.

VCE Biology Units 3/4 (4 decks)

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