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Biology > U4 > Flashcards

U4 Flashcards

ATP & ADP Hetero vs Auto

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1
Q

ATP - word

A

adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

ATP - function

A

serves as an energy carrier for cells - moves the energy found in chemical bonds from out food to the areas that need energy

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3
Q

How do we get ATP?

A

Mitochondria are responsible for producing most of the cell’s energy (ATP) by

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4
Q

How does ATP work?

A

captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes

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5
Q

ATP - composed of

A

adenine base (nitrogenous), sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups (high energy bonds)

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

when ATP converts to ADP by removing a phosphate, releasing energy along with it

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7
Q

ADP - word

A

adenosine diphosphate

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8
Q

ATP cycle

A

the process going from ATP to ADP and back to ATP

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9
Q

ADP - composed of

A

adenine base (nitrogenous), sugar ribose, 2 phosphate groups (high energy bonds)

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10
Q

Phosphorylation

A

when ADP converts to ATP by adding a phosphate

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11
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that produces its own food

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12
Q

Heterotroph

A

an organism that does not make its own food

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13
Q

Autotroph - examples

A

plants, algae, some bacteria, phytoplankton

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14
Q

Heterotroph - examples

A

animals, fungi, most protozoa, most bacteria

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15
Q

Autotroph - chemical process

A

photosynthesis & cellular respiration

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16
Q

Heterotroph - chemical process

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ? (cellular respiration)

A

6CO2+6H2O+ATP

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18
Q

6CO2+6H2O = ? (photosynthesis)

A

C6H12O6+6O2

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19
Q

what does photosynthesis need to occur?

A

solar energy

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20
Q

what does cellular respiration need to occur?

A

chemical energy (ATP) + heat

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21
Q

what is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP has 3 phosphate groups while ADP has 2

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22
Q

where is the energy stored within the ATP molecule?

A

in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups

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23
Q

what life process requires energy?

A

all

24
Q

how is a charged battery a good analogy for ATP/ADP?

A

Think of ATP like a fully charged battery full of energy, and when it gives off some energy, it becomes ADP, a bit like a battery that’s not fully charged but can be recharged again.

25
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in an object

26
Q

which one contains more potential energy (ATP or ADP)?

A

ATP

27
Q

reactants of photosynthesis

A

water (6H2O) + carbon dioxide (6CO2)

28
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

oxygen (6O2) + glucose (C6H12O6)

29
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

occur in the thylakoid which contains chlorophyll

30
Q

light-independent reactions

A

occur in the stroma

31
Q

Calvin Cycle (independent)

A

requires carbon dioxide and results in the final production of glucose

32
Q

Hill Reactions (dependent)

A

ADP converts to ATP & NADP+ converts to NAPDH - Oxygen given off

33
Q

The Carbon Cycle

A

cycle of where carbon goes: nature’s way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again

34
Q

carbon

A

essential building block of life on earth: provides most of the power used today, found in pools, ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial areas

35
Q

fast-moving carbon

A

fast reaction rate of carbon

36
Q

slow carbon

A

slow reaction rate of carbon

37
Q

how do humans affect the carbon cycle?

A

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, release significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, disrupting the natural carbon cycle and contributing to climate change.

38
Q

carbon sink

A

is a place/process that absorbs and stores more carbon than it releases, helping to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and mitigate climate change.

39
Q

which process returns CO2 to the atmosphere?

A

combustion

40
Q

which process removes CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

41
Q

6O2

A

oxygen (6)

42
Q

6H2O

A

water (6)

43
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

44
Q

6CO2

A

carbon dioxide (6)

45
Q

glycolysis

A

Glycolysis is the first step in a cell’s way of getting energy from food. It takes a sugar called glucose and breaks it down into smaller pieces, creating a bit of energy that the cell can use. This happens in the cell’s “workshop” called the cytoplasm. Glycolysis doesn’t need oxygen, so

46
Q

krebs cycle

A

The Krebs Cycle is like a cell’s energy factory. It takes small pieces from breaking down food (like leftovers from a previous step called glycolysis) and extracts more energy from them. This energy helps power the cell, and the cycle happens in the cell’s energy plant, the mitochondria.

47
Q

electron transport

A

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is like a power station inside cells. It’s part of cellular respiration, happening in the mitochondria. During this process, high-energy electrons, obtained from previous steps like glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, move through a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons travel, they release energy, and this energy is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a kind of energy imbalance. When these protons flow back through a special protein (ATP synthase), it generates ATP, the cell’s energy currency. The Electron Transport Chain is a bit like a power generator, turning electron energy into usable power for the cell.

48
Q

what stage occurs in the cytoplasm?

A

glycosis

49
Q

which stage occurs in the mitochondria?

A

krebs cycle and electron transport

50
Q

which stage requires a direct input of oxygen?

A

electron transport

51
Q

what is the total number of ATP produced?

A

32-38

52
Q

what stage produces the most ATP?

A

electron transport

53
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

doesn’t require oxygen, is less efficient than aerobic, occurs in the cytoplasm

54
Q

fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

A

another word for anaerobic respiration

55
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

process where cells, like yeast, convert sugars into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide, producing a bit of energy without needing oxygen

56
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

process in some cells, such as muscle cells, where sugars are turned into lactic acid, providing a quick burst of energy without using oxygen.

Biology (3 decks)

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