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HHD > U3 OC2 > Flashcards

U3 OC2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomedical Model of Health

A

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.

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2
Q

Social Model of Health

A

A conceptual framework within which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based
on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.

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3
Q

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A

An approach to health development by the World Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health’ (WHO1998).
The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion, which are enabling, mediating, and advocacy.

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4
Q

Strategies of the Ottawa Charter

A

Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats

  • Build healthy public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
  • Reorient health services
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5
Q

Principles of the Social Model of health

A

AREAS

  • Addresses the broader determinants of health
  • acts to Reduce social inequities
  • Empowers individuals and communities
  • acts to enable Access to healthcare
  • involves inter-Sectoral collaboration
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6
Q

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion recognises 8 prerequisites

A
  1. peace
  2. shelter
  3. education
  4. food
  5. income
  6. a stable ecosystem
  7. sustainable resources
  8. social justice and equity
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7
Q

VicHealth mission

A

The MISSION of VicHealth is to:

  • in partnership with others, promote good health
  • recognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their health
  • promote fairness and opportunity for better health
  • support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces and broader society to improve wellbeing
  • seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians
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8
Q

VicHealth funded programs

A

QUIT campaign – part of Cancer Council
SunSmart – eg SunSmart schools
Active and safe travel to school – eg. Walking School Bus
Active club grants – eg. for volunteer training, equipment, shade
Research and regulation – funds the VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control (aimed at advancing tobacco control efforts)

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9
Q

VicHealth’s strategic priorities

A

A TEAM

  • encourage regular physical Activity
  • preventing Tobacco use
  • promoting healthy Eating-
  • preventing harm from Alcohol
  • improving Mental wellbeing
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10
Q

VicHealth’s role

4 points

A
  1. Promote good health for all Victorians and prevent ill health
  2. Provide Funding $$ to many organisations (eg. sporting clubs) to implement programs / initiatives that aim to improve health and reduce ill health ☺
  3. Fund $$ and conduct research which is essential to build knowledge and thus evidence for health promotion programs
    (By supporting excellent research, and connecting research to policy and practice, the impact of health promotion and public health programs is increased. ☺)
  4. Lobby and advocate for policy/legislation change to promote health
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11
Q

role of Federal government

A
  • The administration of Medicare
  • The administration of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
  • Quarantine (border protection)
  • Funding the health care system. Example, providing funding for BreastScreen
  • Regulatory roles. Example, regulating the private health insurance industry
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12
Q

role of State Government

A

1.Delivery of health services, including:
•Public and psychiatric hospitals
•The school health curriculum
•Public dental health (for concession card holders)
•Maternal and child health
•Implementation of the National Mental Health Strategy & National Palliative Care Strategy
•Environmental health programs. Example, emissions guidelines for industry
•Ambulance services

2.Regulatory responsibilities, including:
•Licensing GPs
•Licensing private hospitals and their relevant operating regulations
•Industry regulations. Example, ensuring manufacturers comply with food safety guidelines
•Legislation including road rules and smoking bans

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13
Q

role of local governments

A
  • Health inspections of food premises
  • Removal of waste (recycling, weekly rubbish and hard rubbish)
  • Water quality testing
  • Maintaining parks/sporting facilities and gardens
  • Maintaining environmental health such as noise pollution levels
  • Delivering immunization
  • The running of maternal and child health centres
  • Meals on wheels services
  • Developing, implementing and enforcing local bylaws; such as those relating to waste disposal (what can be put in bins)
  • Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plans
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14
Q

what does medicare cover?

A

-Doctors/GPs consultation fees
-Treatment & accommodation in public hospital as result of emergency or referral from doctor
-Tests & examinations to diagnose/treat illness:
x-rays, pathology tests (blood tests etc.)
-Eye tests performed by optometrist

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15
Q

values of the Australian healthcare system

A

SEE CARS

S afe
E ffective
E fficient

C ontinuous
A ccessible
R esponsive
S ustainable

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16
Q

what is NOT covered by medicare?

A
  • Dental examinations/treatments
  • Ambulance services
  • Home nursing
  • Physiotherapy
  • Speech therapy
  • Hearing aids
  • Glasses
  • Medicines
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17
Q

how is medicare funded?

A

$$ How is Medicare funded ?

  1. The Medicare 2%levy (tax) - an amount of money paid by most taxpayers, based on taxable income
  2. The Medicare levy surcharge (extra tax) – an extra amount paid by those without private health insurance (depending on their income)
  3. General taxation also funds the healthcare system
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18
Q

Medicare ‘safety net’

A

“Is an additional rebate scheme for the benefit of patients who have paid a high amount in ‘gap’ amounts – for out-of-hospital costs”

-2017 – When Gap total reaches $453.20 they will get back 100% of schedule fee …. for the rest of the year for out-of-hospital services

Helps make healthcare affordable =and thus “accessible” value !

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19
Q

Private health insurance

A

-Is an additional health policy individuals and families can choose to purchase / take out to cover health services NOT covered by Medicare”

-People can ‘take out’ (purchase):
-hospital cover
-ancillary (“extras”) cover
or both

-People pay a premium (amount $) each year to the PHI company

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20
Q

advantages of private health insurance

A
  • Enables people to have private hospital charges covered (in full/part)
  • Allows choice of own doctor in private/public hospital
  • Can take out cover for ancillary services (“extras”) eg. dentistry, glasses, physio…to cover costs NOT covered by M/care
  • Usually shorter waiting periods for some procedures
  • Higher income earners don’t pay the extra 1-1.5% Medicare levy surcharge (because they have taken out PHI)
  • Helps reduce costs to Fed’ Government of Medicare
  • Helps reduce waiting lists for those using public hospitals
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21
Q

disadvantages of private health insurance

A

Person has to pay for the PHI premium (can be costly)

  • May still have out-of-pocket costs (their PHI may not reimburse all costs of the service/treatment)
  • Most PHI companies have qualifying periods before the person can claim from their PHI company (can be months – especially if they have a pre-existing condition)
22
Q

private health insurance incentive 1

A
  1. Medicare Levy Surcharge:
    - People without PHI (hospital) may have to pay an extra 1%, 1.25% or 1.5% Medicare levy surcharge on top of 2% Medicare levy – based on their income (means tested)
23
Q

private health insurance incentive 2

A
  1. Private Health Insurance (PHI) rebate:
    - People may be eligible to receive a rebate(refund) on their PHI premium - based on their income (means tested) and age
    eg single earns $90,000 and is under 65 yrs → 29% rebate (but single earns $140,000+ → 0% rebate !)
24
Q

private health insurance incentive 3

A
  1. Lifetime health cover:
    • People who take out PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year they are over the age of 30. So this encourages younger people to purchase PHI and keep it for life
      eg. A person aged 50 years will pay 40% more (20yrs x 2%) than if they took it out at age 30.
25
Q

Ottawa charter

-Build health public policy

A

is about developing policy/legislation/rules/regulations to promote health e.g tax on cigarettes

26
Q

Ottawa charter

-Create supportive environments

A

is about creating environments that help make the healthier choice to promote health

27
Q

Ottawa charter

-strengthen community action

A

is about involving and encouraging people from all parts of the community to work together to improve health outcomes

28
Q

Ottawa charter

-develop personal skills

A

is about informing and empowering people to make healthier choices by improving skills and knowledge to improve health

29
Q

Ottawa charter

-re-orient health services

A

is about changing the focus of health services from a biomedical to a preventative health care approach, so encouraging medical professionals to take a preventative approach to improve health

30
Q

social model of health

-addresses the broader determinants of health

A

The SMoH is about addressing ALL determinants of health, not just the behavioural and biological determinants, but also the social and environmental determinants such as culture, SES, housing, unemployment, physical environment which impact health status

31
Q

social model of health

-acts to reduce social inequities

A

The SMoH is about reducing the inequities that exist in relation to health status due to social factors/determinants such as gender, SES, location, race, culture, access to healthcare, social exclusion

32
Q

social model of health

-empowers individuals and communities

A

The SMoH is about providing individuals/communities with skills, resources, knowledge to make decisions and change factors which influence their health status

33
Q

social model of health

-acts to enable access to healthcare

A

The SMoH is about improving access to health care, so that services and information should be readily available, affordable, appropriate according to people’s needs to improve their health

34
Q

social model of health

-involves inter-sectoral collaboration

A

The SMoH is about integrated / coordinated action between government departments, private sector and the health sector, to work together to improve health outcomes

35
Q

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)

A

Is a Federal Government initiative to subsidise the cost of a wide range of prescription medications, providing Australians with vital medications at more affordable prices

2016 $38.30 PBS medicines
(concession card holders $6.20)

36
Q

PBS safety net

A

PBS Safety Net – to protect individuals/families from large
co-payments/ expenses for PBS medications
- 2016 – if reach $1475.70, then pay $6.20

37
Q

Australian Dietary Guidelines definition

A

The Australian Dietary Guidelines provide up-to-date advice about the amounts and types of foods that people need to eat for health and wellbeing
They are based on scientific evidence and quality research

38
Q

Australian dietary guidelines

A

Guideline 1: To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

Guideline 2: Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day; and drink plenty of water

Guideline 3: Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

Guideline 4: Encourage, support and
promote breastfeeding

Guideline 5: Care for your food; prepare and store it safely

39
Q

advantages of Australian Dietary Guidelines

A
  • aim to reduce risk of diet related diseases (eg type 2 diabetes and CVD)
  • provide serving sizes and number for different lifespan stages
40
Q

disadvantages of Australian Dietary Guidelines

A
  • the use of vague terms such as eat ‘plenty’ and ‘limit’

- the actual guidelines aren’t visually appealing, as they are just statements

41
Q

Australian Guide to Healthy Eating definition

A

The AGHE is a food selection model which is a visual representation based on Dietary Guidelines 2 and 3
The AGHE is used to guide the dietary intake of Australians

42
Q

How does the AGHE promote health eating?

A
  • The AGHE provides information about the amounts and kinds of food that an individual needs to eat daily, in order to obtain enough nutrients essential for good health
  • The AGHE pictorially summarises the recommended five food groups and highlights food choices that are lowest in saturated fats, added sugar and salt to promote good health
  • The AGHE helps reduce the risk of health problems later in life, such as heart disease, cancer , diabetes(T2) and obesity
  • The AGHE helps develop skills and knowledge necessary to choose a nutritious diet
43
Q

Advantages of AGHE

A
  • It’s visual and colourful, easy to follow due to pictures, “plate” representation, appealing
  • It is easy for people who are illiterate to understand
  • It follows the Dietary Guidelines of eating less saturated fat, salt, sugar and alcohol and including more fibre
44
Q

Disadvantages of AGHE

A
  • The actual guide (diagram) has no serve size information, so makes it difficult for consumers to know how much to eat
  • Difficult to categorise some mixed foods such as soups, casseroles, pizza
  • Difficult to determine the number of “extra” discretionary servings OK to be eaten
45
Q

Nutrition Surveys

-what?

A

Provide a snapshot of what Australians, or population groups within Australia, are eating at a particular time

46
Q

Nutrition Surveys

-how?

A

A range of data is collected relating to food intake
usually over a 24 hour period:
- data collection methods include: food recall, food diary and telephone calls

47
Q

Nutrition Surveys

-info collected?

A

food and drinks consumed including serving sizes: including fruits/vegetables; milk and type of milk; salt use; any supplements……

48
Q

Nutrition Surveys

-aims?

A

Nutrition surveys provide information about Australians’ food intake to:

  • monitor and assess food consumption and related behaviour within the Australian population to determine nutrient intake
  • provide the information needed for food and nutrition-related health promotion programs/strategies and public policy development
49
Q

Nutrition Australia

-What?

A

NA is Australia’s primary community nutrition education body. It works with
non-government and government bodies to provide them with up to date nutrition information and advice (eg. assisted the Govt. with the development of the Government Dietary Guidelines)

50
Q

Nutrition Australia

-aims?

A

To provide scientifically based nutrition information to encourage all
Australians to achieve optimal health through food variety and physical activity

51
Q

Nutrition Australia

-Menu assessments

A
  • works with a wide variety of organisations such as schools, childcare centres, hospitals and armed services, to assess their menus.
  • advice about how to improve the nutrition content of the menu, such as add more vegetables and low salt options…thus…promotes healthy eating
52
Q

Nutrition Australia

-Healthy Eating Pyramid

A

The Healthy Eating Pyramid is a simple visual guide to the types and proportion of foods that should be eaten every day for good health.
It contains the five core food groups, plus healthy fats, according to how much they contribute to a balanced diet based on the
Australian Dietary Guidelines.
This advice is intended for the average ‘healthy’ person.

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