U3 AOS2 Outcome 1a Flashcards
3 Theories of Motivation
Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)
Goal Setting (Locke and Latham)
Four Drive Theory (Lawrence and Nohria)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- refers to an order of needs that employees must achieve sequentially as the completion of one need motivates employees to achieve the next need
- Physiological: survival income, necessities
- Safety: job security, financial security, OHS
- Social: love, affection, sense of belonging
- Esteem: respect, sense of acknowledgement and job title
- Self-actualisation: fulfilling potential, personal growth and development
Locke and Latham’s Goal Setting Theory
• refers to a theory of creating challenging but achievable goals that employees strive to achieve through the attainment of feedback in pursuit to be rewarded
- Clarity: clear and specific
- Challenge: ambitious but achievable
- Commitment: from both employees and managers
- Feedback: constructive feedback to improve
- Task complexity: tailored to abilities of employees (disengaged if too easy, unmotivated if too hard)
Lawrence and Nohria’s Four Drive Theory
• refers to a theory that states businesses should create an environment where all these four drives of human behaviour excluding the drive to defend must be prevalent in order to motivate employees
- Acquire: desire for material items as well as status and accomplishment
- Bond: desire to form strong relationships
- Defend: desire to defend themselves, their families, friends and possessions
- Learn: desire to continually learn and to be challenged in their role
5 Motivation Strategies
Performance-related Pay Career Advancement Investment in Training Support Sanction
Performance-related Pay - Definition, Adv-Dissadv, Effect on Motivation
A financial reward to employees whose work has reached or exceeded expectations
Adv: Immediate motivation Rewards performing staff Dissadv: Generates competitive culture Short term motivator
Effects on motivation:
Short - Work harder
Long - If the financial reward is ongoing motivation will continue
Career Advancement - Definition, Adv-Dissadv, Effect on Motivation
Where an employee is given the opportunity to take on greater responsibility in the business
Adv: Business retains talent Employee is rewarded Dissadv: Resentment from other staff Lack of external perspective
Effects on motivation:
Short - Providing possibility of promotion can increase motivation
Long - Employees may see the desired position and work towards
Investment in training - Definition, Adv-Dissadv, Effect on Motivation
Opportunity to increase skills or learn more can motivate employees as they are able to perform work at a higher standard
Adv: Employee feels valued Sense of job security Dissadv: Expensive No guarantee employee will benefit
Effects on motivation:
Short - Employees are motivated as they have improved skills and knowledge
Long - Ongoing investment in training creates a learning environment
Support - Definition, Adv-Dissadv, Effect on Motivation
Individual assistance and services designed to help employees cope with problems or issues within work or personal lives
Adv: Improved mental wellbeing Builds strong culture Dissadv: Needs positive culture
Effects on motivation:
Short - Helping employees complete their job in difficult times
Long - Can have a positive impact by creating an environment where people can feel safe and welcome
Sanction - Definition, Adv-Dissadv, Effect on Motivation
Penalties imposed on employees for poor performance or disobeying a policy
Adv: Positive response/change from employee Boost culture Dissadv: Short term motivator Disputes
Effects on motivation:
Short - Can ensure employees are motivated to do the right thing
Long - Can cause harm to relationships and damage corporate culture
Training
The process of providing staff with the knowledge or skills required to do a particular job
On the Job Training
Where an employee learns at their workplace, occurs at the workplace usually by another employee
Adv: Employee gains experience Cost effective Dissadv: Quality of trainer Disrupt operations
Off the Job Training
The employee learns new skills outside the workplace including conferences, classrooms, and simulations
Adv: Learn from specialists Less disruption Formal qualification Dissadv: Expensive Loss of productivity Time-consuming
Relationship between Managing Employees and Business Objectives
Employees are vital assets to the business as they assist to achieve objectives
By managers implementing strategies that motivate employees, they can expect them to perform at a higher level
Therefore contributing to achieving objectives
Business Objectives
The stated measurable targets of how to achieve business goals
Management by Objectives
A process of setting goals, that relates to an employee’s key areas of responsibilties creating a sense of direction and provides the ability to measure performence
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Advantages + Disadvantages
Adv:
- allows employees to progress at own pace
- avoids one on one consultation = time effective
Dissadv:
- formality of sequence may not suit all employees
Locke and Latham’s Goal Setting Theory
Advantages + Disadvantages
Adv:
- tailored goals suits own personal ambitions
- improved relationships with management
- goals can lend themselves to overall objectives
Dissadv:
- time consuming to develop goals
- employees may not achieve goals – not motivated by goals
- tunnel vision may develop if just focused on goal
Lawrence and Nohria’s Four Drive Theory
Advantages + Disadvantages
Adv:
- creates a positive corporate culture if environment is continued
- human behaviours may not reflect personal behaviours
Dissadv:
- difficult to create such an environment
- may take time out of production and usual activities
Maslow VS Lock and Latham
Similarities: - both are sequenced -recognition and feedback are vital Differences: - Maslow is long term whilst goal setting is short term - Maslow is general, goal is personal
Lawrence and Nohria VS Maslow
Similarities:
- both explain human needs and behaviours
- both aim to achieve employee satisfaction Differences:
- hierarchy structure vs four drive
- sequential vs simultaneous
Lawrence and Nohria VS Locke and Latham
Similarities: - co-operation with management - both can be external to the business Differences: - goal setting is one goal at a time vs simultaneous
How a theory + strategy motivate employees to increase the staff retention
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Employer of Choice
An employer of choice is someone whom workers choose to work for when presented with other employment choices
