U3 AOS2 Flashcards
antecedent
an object or event that precedes a specific behaviour and signals the probable consequence for the behaviour and therefore influences the occurence (likelihood) of the behaviour
attention
process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the sensory environment whilst ignoring and excluding others, in observational learning, the first step ion the process which involves watching a model’s behaviour and its consequences.
classical conditioning
learning acquired through the pairing of a UCS with a NS in order to incite a UCR. The NS eventualkly becoimes a CS, and incites the UCR when presented to the klearner. Involves the stages of before, during and after conditioning.
conditioned response
in CC, the learned or acquires response to the conditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
in CC, the stimulus that is initially the NS, not normally producing the unconditioned response.
motivation
an internal state that influences individuals to engage in agoal directed behaviour
negative punishment
removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease behaviour
negative reinforcement
removal of an unpleasant stimukus in order to increase behaviour
indigenous
native, originating from or naturally occuring in a particular place.
acronym
memorisation technique formed from the initial letters of other words abd PRONOUNCED AS A WORD.
- NASA
- COB
acrostic
a mnemonicm verbal accosiation for items to be remembered by constructing a sentence, phrase etc using the first letters of the information ot be remembered.
My Very Escited Mother Juggles Six Umbrellas
- Mercury, venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus.
repeated association
in CC, when the NS is continuopusly paired with the UCS in order to create the UCR.
- continually done in order to incite UCR
- short time period in between, less than half a second.
Neutral stimulus
in CC, a stimulus that initialle produces no response naturally.
observationsl learning
the acquisition of info, skill, behaviour throuigh watching the performance of others, directly of indirectly, involving a sequence of processes: attention, retention, reproduction (mental visualisation), motication, reinforcement. ARRMR
operant conditioning
a learning process where the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future. (reward or punishment)
positive punishment
adding an undesired stimulus in order to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour in the future.
- i.e. smacking a child for swearing
neurofibrillary tangles
abnormal accumulations of the TAU protein that collect inside neurons
positive reinforcement
adding a desired stimulus in order to increase the likelihood of a behaviour in the future
- i.e giving candy to a child that does their chores
reinforcement
when a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of the behaviour that follows.
- negative or positive reinforcement
alzheimer’s disease
neurodegenerative disorde, the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of social and cognitive skills and personality changes.
caused by: neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.
amygdala
in the medial temporal lobe, deep within the brain, involved in emotional reactions (particularly fear and anger) and formantion of a wide variety of emotional memories.
autobiographical memory
memory for episodes or experiences that occurred in theor own life
amyloid plaque
misfolded proteins that form in the spaces between nerve cells. These abnormally configured proteins are thought to play a central role in Alzheimer’s disease.
First form affect memory areas.
aphantasia
absence of visual imagery
basal ganglia
group of structures involved in the generation of voluntary movements and LTM (implicit) involving motor skills.
Cerebellum
base of the brain, posture, balance, coordination, involved in formation of long term motor skill memories, stores implicit emmories of simple conditioned reflexes.
cerebral cortex
outer layer of brain, folds on surface, wrink=led appearance.
- memory, thinking, learning, reasoning, problem solving, enotions, conscious ness, sensory functions.
displacement
forgetting, STM as the capacity is 5-9 items at a time. older information is pushed aside for new info.
consolidation
neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and stored following a learning experience.
declarative memory
memory that can be described, verbalised, part of explicit memory (facts)
dementia
loss of memory language or problem solving and other every day thinking abilities that interfere with everyday life. Alzheimers is the most common type.
reproduction
recreating (learning)
duration
length in time
encoding
the process of converting information from the STM into the LTM for storage.
episodic memory
memory of past events or experiences
stimulus
anything that triggers a psyical or behavioural change
response
reaction
Unconditioned response
a response to a stimulus that occurs naturally, instinctually
social cognitive learning
amphasises the role of cognitive processes such as attention, memory and motivation in learningl.
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that incites a natural response
sung narrative
a story that is sung, relating to a specific location in the landscape, oral culture.
hippocampus
in the medial temporal lobe, crucial in forming, encoding and consolidating new long term explicit memories and their transfer to the cortex for storage,
mnemonic
written culture, language device that allows for memorisation. a pattern of letters, ideas or associations.
implicit memory
Long term memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval, memory withoiut awareness, procedural memory and classically conditioned memory
long term memory
unlimited, continuing memory store that can hold information for long periopds of time, even for an entire lifetime.
explicit memory
memory with awareness, of facts experiences and concepts.
retrograde amnesia
inability to access memories or info from before an injury or disease occurredn
reconstruction
the omission or addition of details to a recalled event based on an individual;s personal experience.
- remebering a beach ball when recalling a day at the beach despite the fact that no beach ball was present.
memory
psychological process of encoding, storing and later retrieving information.
method of loci
a method of memorisation that involves visualisation of the object or concept to be remembered, placing them in a position mentally (within a space well-known to the individual) and then using that to later recall the information.
sensory memory
duration: 0-4s
capcity: unlimited
- iconic: 1/3 osf a second (visual)
- echoic: 3-4s (audial)
rehearsal
repetition in the retention of memories
- maintenance: repeating the thing to be rmemebered over and over again so it is not displaced from the short term memory
- elaborative: actively attempting to place the information into the LTM by connecting it to already known information
songline
aboriginal method of memorisation, like method of loci but designed for long term memory, more advanced, more elaborate and involves the collaboration of individuals from the community, rather than a lone individual.
short term memory
aka working memory, sotring a small amount, 18-30s, capacity of 5-9 items at a time.
storage
retention of encoded information over time
