U3 AOS1b Flashcards by Lucy D

Health status indicators (list)

-> self- assessed health status
-> life expectancy, including life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
-> mortality, including infant mortality, under-5 mortality and maternal mortality
-> morbidity, including incidence and prevalence
-> burden of disease, including disability-adjusted life years (DALY) which is years of life lost (YLL) plus years lived with disability (YLD)

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Factors that contribute to variations in health status

-> biological
-> sociocultural
-> environmental

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Biological factors definition

Factors relating to the body that impact health and wellbeing

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Biological factors (list)

-> body weight
-> age
-> blood pressure
-> blood cholesterol
-> glucose regulation
-> birth weight
-> genetics (including sex and hormones)

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Sociocultural factors definition

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.

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Sociocultural factors (list)

-> socioeconomic status
-> employment status
-> social networks and social exclusion
-> social isolation
-> cultural background
-> food security
-> early life experiences
-> access to healthcare
-> commercial factors

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Environmental factors definition

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play.

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Environmental factors (list)

-> housing
-> work environment
-> urban design + infrastructure
-> climate + climate change

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Factors influencing health status (list)

-> smoking + vaping
-> alcohol consumption
-> overweight + obesity
-> low intake of fibre
-> underconsumption of fruit + veg
-> underconsumption of dairy
-> high intake of fat
-> high intake of salt
-> high intake of sugar

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Hypertension vs CVD

Hypertension (or high blood pressure) occurs when the blood pressure in your arteries is consistently too high.
CVD refers to a group of disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels (can be caused by long term hypertension)

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Carcinogens

things that have potential to cause cancer (such as UV radiation, cigarette smoke + asbestos)

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Related conditions + effects of smoking + vaping

-> CVD
-> cancer
-> prenatal/infant health outcomes
-> asthma
-> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-> back pain + problems
-> infectious diseases

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Link smoking to CVD

reduces amount of oxygen in blood -> contributing to increased blood pressure + heart rate

chemicals can speed up atherosclorosis -> placing strain on heart + blood vessels + can lead to CVD such as heart attack + stroke

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Link smoking to cancer

chemicals cause fault in body cells as they divide leading to tumors + eventually cancer (most commonly lungs, oesophagus or liver)

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Link smoking to prenatal/infant health outcomes

tobacco use during preg reduces blood flow to body therefore reduces nutrients for growth + devel -> contributes to bubs born w low birth weight + underdeveloped immune systems

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Link smoking to COPD

damages airways (imflammation + destruction of air sacs) -> contributing to COPD (reduced airflow + ability to utilise oxygen form air)

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Link smoking to infectious diseases

exposure to tobacco smoke can lower immune function + increase risk of developing infectious diseases such as pneumonia

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Related conditions + effects of alc

-> overweight + obesity
-> cancer
-> liver disease
-> injuries
-> mental health issues
-> prenatal/infant health outcomes

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Link alc to overweight + obesity

alc is energy-dense -> contribute to weight gain over time

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Link alc to cancer

when alc is metabolised a chemical is created that can damage DNA + lead to growth of cancerous tumours

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Link alc to liver disease

alc is filtered via liver so excessive consump can cause inflammation + scarring -> over time means liver cannot function properly to remove toxins from body which can lead to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis

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Link alc to injuries

behaviour of ppl alc affected can be erratic + difficult -> put strain on relos -> increased risk of slef harm + suicide

can affect judgement, motor control, risk taking, impulsiveness, aggressiveness -> violence, accidents, road crashes

Link alc to prenatal/infant health outcomes

increase risk of premature birth, low birth wieght + foetal alc spectrum disorder (FASD)

Related conditions + effects of overweight + obesity

-> CVD
-> cancer
-> type 2 diab
-> kidney disease
-> osteoarthritis
-> back pain
-> asthma
-> mental health issues
-> dementia
-> maternal health conditions

Link overweight + obesity to CVD

heart has to work harder to pump blood around larger body -> increasing risk of hypertension, heart attack or stroke higher cholesterol/blood press -> increases rate of atherosclorosis + risk of CVD

Link overweight + obesity to type 2 diabetes

excess body fat = insulin resistance

Link overweight + obesity to osteoarthritis

pressure on joints, wearing down cartilage

Link overweight + obesity to asthma

inflammatory substances release by fat tissue may impare lung function

Link overweight + obesity to maternal helath conditions

more susceptible to high blood press + gestational diabetes -> at risk for maternal mortality

Fibre purpose

-> not absorbed, instead acts as cleaner as move thru digestive system -> promotes feeling of fullness (satiety)

Related conditions + effects of low fibre intake

-> overweight + obesity -> colorectal cancer -> CVD -> type 2 diab

Link low fibre intake to overwight + obesity

feel less full -> overeat fibre keeps its bulk when moves thru digest stystem so helps slow digestion + delay absorption of glucose into blood

Link low fibre intake to colorectal cancer

fibre adds bulk to faeces + asists clean -> reducing risk of abnormal (cancerous) cells developing especially in colon + rectum

Link low fibre intake to CVD

fibre attacthes to particles of LDL chol + carries them out of body, ensuring not absorbed into bloodstream

Link low fibre intake to type 2

delays glucose absoprption, taking pressure off pancreas

Fruit + veg purpose

nutrient dense, high in minerals + vitamins, fibre, antioxidants

Link underconsumption of fruit + veg to CVD

source of antioxidants: help to eliminate free radicals in body -- free radicals can damage body cells + DNA -> can lead to conditions such as CVD + cancer

Link underconsumption of fruit + veg to neural tube defects

good source of folate: a B-group vitamin important for devel of brain + spine (nervous system) in prenatal SO underconsumption before + during preg increases risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida

Dairy purpose

provide calcium (essential mineral) assisting bone strength + healthy teeth + healthy cardiovascular system

Related conditions + effects of dairy underconumpstion

-> osteoporosis -> CVD -> colorectal cancer -> type 2 diab -> dental carries

Link underconsumption of dairy to osteoporosis + dental carries

calcium abundant so underconumption of can increase risk of osteoporosis (porous bones, prone to fracture) and dental carries (decay of teeth)

Diff types of fats

Healthier: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated INCREASE HDL Unhealthy: saturated, trans INCREASE LDL

Related conditions + effects of high fat intake

-> overweight + obesity -> CVD -> type 2 diab -> colorectal cancer + breast cancer

Link high fat intake to overweight + obesity

fuel source/energy production -> excess fat if energy provided not used

Link high fat intake to CVD

excess LDL chol in blood deposited on walls of blood vessels where other substances can become stuck + narrow arteries (athersclorosis) -> risk factor for CVD

Link high fat intake to type 2 diab

diets high in sat + trans fats can change composition of cell membranes -> interfere w transport of glucose to cell

Related conditions + effects of high salt intake

-> hypertension -> CVD -> osteoporosis

Link high salt intake to hypertension

high sodium levels can draw fluid out of cells + into bloodstream increasing blood pressure

Link high salt intake to CVD

(high sodium levels can draw fluid out of cells + into bloodstream increasing blood pressure) when blood volume + blood press r high heart has to work harder

Link high salt intake to osteoporosis

excess sodium causes calcium to be excreted in urine rather thnan used for bone strength -> demineralisation of bones

Related conditions + effects of high sugar intake

-> overweight + obesity -> dental carries + dental disease

Link high sugar intake to overweight + obesity

excess energy stored as fat tissue -> contribute to weight gain

Link high sugar intake to dental carries + dental disease

sugar in mouth provides food source for bacteria which produce acids -> lead to dental decay + when left untreated dental disease/loss of teeth