U2 AOS1b Flashcards
Parenting
Process of promoting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and health and wellbeing of a child from birth to adulthood.
Skills + knowledge parents need
-> assess environment safety (baby-proofing)
-> holding/supporting baby
-> diet limitations
-> read signs/understand wants + needs
-> organisation skills
-> financial management
-> attention
-> multi-tasking
-> limit/control screen time
-> patience
-> love + understanding
Parenting skills + knowledge limitations
-> education level + health literacy
-> access to support services (daycare/nursing)
-> family/friends support
-> false info + social media influence
-> income
-> solo parenting
-> values + beliefs
-> own upbringing - parental figure
-> living conditions
-> access to resources (food, tech, edu, public services, ammenities)
Providing environment that promotes optimal development
-> pos parent-child relo
-> age appropriate toys
-> new experiences
-> positive coms (praise, encouragement)
-> interactions
-> role-modelling
-> establishing limits
-> providing instruction
-> enforcing appropriate consequences for problem behaviour
What changes when becoming a parent?
-> personal freedom replaced w responsibility
-> diet + lifestyle (especially when preg)
-> change in relo (if two parents involved)
-> staying at home more/sole provider
-> increase/change in household duties
-> decrease in sleep/sleeping habits
-> costs w looking after child
-> decrease in social events
-> relying on support from fam/friends
Foods to avoid when pregnant
-> deli meats, soft cheese, pate, soft-serve ice cream (listeria)
-> raw/undercooked meats (toxoplasmosis)
-> raw/undercooked eggs (salmonella food poisoning)
-> smoked salmon, undercooked seafood, precooked prawns + sushi (listeria)
Consequences of diet when pregnant
Listeria, toxoplasmosis + salmonella are rare but can increase chance of miscarriage, premature labour or stillbirth
Risks of alcohol + smokinh during pregnancy
BOTH:
-> birth defects
-> premature birth
-> low birth weight
-> miscarriage
-> stillbirth
-> sudden death syndrome
-> preterm birth
ALC:
-> fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
SMOKE:
-> asthma
-> ectopic pregnancy
Stages of prenatal development
-> germinal stage (0-2 weeks)
-> embryonic stage (3-8 weeks0
-> foetal stage (9-38 weeks)
Germinal stage (0-2 weeks)
-> begins at fertilisation + ends at implantation
-> zygote become morula (solid ball of cells)
-> by day 5 about 64 cells
-> morula turns into blastocyst (outer shell become placenta, inner cell become embryo)
-> when reaching uterus it implants into the endometrium
Embryo
Cell mass from approximately the 2nd to 8th week after fertilisation.
Placenta
An disc-shaped organ made up of blood vessels that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and wastes between mother and foetus.
Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)
-> starts at implantation ends at week 8
-> cells begin to take on specialised roles (cell differentiation)
-> embryo 2cm in length (week 8)
-> internal organs + systems begin to form (organesis)
-> embryo = very sensitive to environmental influences e.g. tetratogens
Tetratogen
Anything in the environment that can cause defects in development (tobacco, smoke, alcohol, medication)
Foetal stage (9-38 weeks)
-> developing baby known as foetus
-> all organs formed but not all functioning
-> characterised by rapid growth
-> at 14 weeks placenta is fully formed + functioning
-> bones begin to harden
-> around 25 weeks - senses begin to function + foetus begins to respond to light, sound, touch
Four key hormones involved in menstrual cycle:
-> follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-> lutenizing hormone
-> estrogen
-> progesterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-> stimulates ovaries to produce follicles (tiny sacs containing eggs)
-> produced in pituitary gland in brain
Lutenizing hormone
-> triggers mature folicle to produce egg (ovulation) + development of corpus luteum
Estrogen
-> builds up + helps thicken uterine lining (endometrium) to prepare for possible pregnancy
-> follicles produce estrogen as they grow
Progesterone
-> further prepares/maintains uterine lining for possible pregnancy
-> after egg is released, empty follicle turns into structure (corpus luteum) which produces progesterone
Menstrual cycle
-> menstrual phase (days 1-5): FSH + estrogen levels go up
-> follicular phase (days 1-13): FSH peaks, estrogen builds up uterine lining
-> ovulation (day 14): LH surge triggers ovulation
-> luteal phase (days 15 - 28): progesterone peaks, estrogen rises again
-> if egg is not fertilised: hormone levels drop, menstruation begins
