U2AOS3 Bioethics

Question 1

What are ethical concepts used for?

Answer 1

Used to help decide the extent to which the outcome of a particular course of action or the action itself is ethically acceptable

Question 2

Define ethics

Answer 2

A field of knowledge that helps individuals exercise moral judgement and determine what is right or wrong

Question 3

Applied ethics

Answer 3

Important in helping us bridge the gap between abstract theories we may earn and situations that may be faced in the real world

Question 4

Define bioethics

Answer 4

The study of ethical controversies brought out by advancements in biology and medicine

Question 5

What are the three approaches to bioethics?

Answer 5

Consequences based
Duty/rule based
Virtues based

Question 6

Consequences-based approach

Answer 6

Approach places central importance on the consideration of the consequences of an action (the ends), with the aim to achieve maximisation of positive outcomes and minimisation of negative effects

Question 7

Duty/rule based approach

Answer 7

Concerned with how people act (the means) and places importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way and follow certain rules regardless of the consequences

Question 8

Duty/rule based approach

Answer 8

Concerned with how people act (the means) and places importance on the idea that people have a duty to act in a particular way and follow certain rules regardless of the consequences

Question 9

Virtues based

Answer 9

Person rather than actions based. Consideration is given to the moral character of the person carrying out the action, telling us the characteristics and behaviours a good person would seek to achieve to them be able to act in the right way.

Question 10

What are the ethical concepts? (5)

Answer 10

Integrity
Justice
Beneficence
Non-maleficence
Respect

Question 11

Define integrity

Answer 11

Honest reporting of all results, both favourable and unfavourable that are open to scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge

Question 12

Define justice

Answer 12

Moral obligation to ensure there is fair consideration of competing claims with no bias or unfair burden on a particular group

Question 13

Beneficence

Answer 13

Commitment to maximising benefits and minimising the risks and harms of taking a particular course of action

Question 14

Non-malificence

Answer 14

Avoiding the causation of harm but ultimately ensuring that any consequences or harm should not outweigh the benefits from any position or course of action

Question 15

Respect

Answer 15

Consideration of the extent to which living things have an intrinsic value and/or instrumental value. Living things should be empowered where possible and protected where necessary

Question 16

What are the steps in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Answer 16

1. Remove nucleus from egg cell (enucleated)
2. Extract the somatic nucleus from cell of other animal
3. Add nucleus to enucleated cell where they fuse
4. Development of the cell into an embryo, which is implanted into surrogate

Question 17

Process of embryo splitting

Answer 17

An embryo (6-8 Totipotent cells) at an early stage of development is divided into 2 cell masses then they are injected into seperate surrogates and develop into genetically identical organisms

Question 18

Purpose of embryo splitting

Answer 18

Mimics the natural occurrence of identical twins and creates twins with desirable traits

Question 19

Purpose of embryo splitting

Answer 19

Mimics the natural occurrence of identical twins and creates twins with desirable traits

Question 20

Steps of embryo splitting

Answer 20

1. Sperm is taken from bull and inseminated into cow
2. Zygotes develop into embryos in cow and are removed from uterus
3. Embryos are split into smaller
4. Placed in uteresus’s of foster mothers