U1AOS2 Biological Systems

Question 1

Levels of structural organisation

Answer 1

Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism

Question 2

Four basic tissue types

Answer 2

Muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue

Question 3

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 3

Striated, cardiac, smooth

Question 4

Striated muscle tissue

Answer 4

Contracts voluntarily
Attached to the skeleton

Question 5

Cardia muscle tissue

Answer 5

Contracts involuntarily
Found in heart walls

Question 6

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 6

Contracts involuntarily
Surrounds organs

Question 7

4 main types of nervous tissue

Answer 7

Bipolar interneuron
Unipolar sensory neuron
Multipolar motor neuron
Astrocyte (glial cell)

Question 8

Epithelial tissues

Answer 8

Include all cells that form the interface between the body and external environment

Question 9

Connective tissues

Answer 9

Fibrous tissues containing cells separated by an extra cellular matrix

Question 10

The transpiration stream

Answer 10

Water moves from roots to leaves through xylem vessels through 4 main forces: osmosis, adhesion, transpiration and cohesion

Question 11

Xylem vessels

Answer 11

Composed of dead, hollow cells with cell walls impregnated with lignin that makes the cells walls waterproof, hard and rigid

Question 12

Adhesion

Answer 12

The attraction between water and some other surfaces. Water moves by adhesion up the xylem

Question 13

Cohesion

Answer 13

The attraction of water molecules to one another due to their complimentary poles

Question 14

Stomata

Answer 14

Tiny pores in the epidermis of a lead that allows the exchange of gases between inside and outside

Question 15

Transpiration

Answer 15

As water is lost through the stomata, there is a negative pressure at the top of the xylem vessel. Works like a straw

Question 16

Regulation of water loss

Answer 16

Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells that open and close to let water out or stop water from leaving

Question 17

Translocation of sugars

Answer 17

Sugar moves into the phloem by active transport through membrane proteins or by simple diffusion through plasmodesmata. Moves down the phloem to the roots under pressure from osmosis

Question 18

Phloem cells

Answer 18

Living cells that have no nucleus and accompanied by smaller companion cells

Question 19

Purpose of the digestive system

Answer 19

To obtain nutrients from food that is ingested

Question 20

Mechanical digestion

Answer 20

Food is broken down into smaller piece of food, increasing the SA:V

Question 21

Chemical digestion

Answer 21

Changes what the food is made of due to a chemical reaction

Question 22

Chemical digestion

Answer 22

Proteins are broken into amino acids by enzymes called proteases