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English Language > U2AoS1 - English through History > Flashcards

U2AoS1 - English through History Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is lexical change?

A

Word loss and formation processes

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2
Q

What are word loss processes?

A

Obsolescence and Archaism

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3
Q

What is Obsolescence?

A

Gradual loss of lexical items from a language until they no longer exist

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4
Q

Example of Obsolescence

A

Carving a chicken “to frush”

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5
Q

What is Archaism?

A

Words that have some current use but linked to specialised old-fashioned contexts.

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6
Q

Examples of Archaisms

A
  • thine
  • doth
  • methinks
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7
Q

What are the word formation processes?

A

Borrowing, Neologisms, Commonisation

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8
Q

What is Borrowing?

A

Process of adopting linguistic features from other languages

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9
Q

Examples of borrowing

A

Doctor, shampoo, government, beer, BBQ

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10
Q

What has occurred due to Borrowings?

A

Foreign language creates prestigious connotations, system, of stylistic levels

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11
Q

What are Neologisms?

A

Creation of a newly coined word where some are created from scratch and others from pre-existing words.

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12
Q

Examples of Neologisms

A

Selfie, Wi-Fi, spam, Bluetooth, photobomb

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13
Q

What do Neologisms reflect?

A

Social development and invention

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14
Q

What is commonisation?

A

A form of broadening where proper nouns (names) enter the language as new words (common nouns)

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15
Q

Examples of commonisation

A

bandaid, panadol, facetime, esky

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16
Q

What is Semantic change?

A

Refers to denotation and connotation and how meaning changes over time

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17
Q

What is denotation?

A

literal/standard meaning found in a dictionary

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18
Q

What is connotation?

A

Associated meaning (non-literal)

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19
Q

What is Etymology?

A

Study pf the origin and history of words

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20
Q

What are the denotative word change processes?

A
  • Broadening
  • Narrowing
  • Shifting
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21
Q

What is Broadening?

A

Semantic boundaries widen/increase
- retains original meaning and more

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22
Q

Examples of broadening

A

mouse (animal) - computer mouse
sweet (candy - good)
barn
bird

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23
Q

What is Narrowing?

A

Semantic boundary decreases, more specific meaning

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24
Q

Examples of Narrowing

A

Meat used to be used for any food, now just animal flesh
- starve
- liquor
- apple
- girl

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25
Q

What is Shifting?

A

Semantic boundary changes completely

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26
Q

Examples of Shifting

A

nice - from ignorant to pleasant
- gay
- sad

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27
Q

What are the conative word change processes?

A
  • elevation
  • deterioration
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28
Q

What is elevation?

A

Connotations become more positive

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29
Q

What is deterioration?

A

Connotations become more negative
e.g. accident, villain

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30
Q

Examples of elevation

A

wicked - from very bad to very good
- awfully
- pretty

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31
Q

Why do meanings of words change?

A
  • social change + attitudes
  • taboo and insults
  • morphological misinterpretation
  • prestige and status
  • cultural importance
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32
Q

What are the morphological change processes?

A
  • abbreviations
  • shortenings
  • compounding
  • affixation
  • backformation
  • blends
  • contractions
  • conversion
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33
Q

What are abbreviations?

A

A series of words reduced to a string of letters that can be said.

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34
Q

What are the types of abbreviations?

A

Initialisms and Acronyms

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35
Q

What happens to abbreviations after a while?

A

Loose dots/capital letters and enter the language as ordinary words eg. laser

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36
Q

What are acronyms?

A

Words that evolve as a result of using the first letter of a series of words pronouncing this as a new word.

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37
Q

Examples of Acronyms

A
  • ANZAC
  • EFTPOS
  • GIF
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38
Q

What are initialisms?

A

Made up of the beginning letters in a sequence of words but continue to be said as letters.

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39
Q

Examples of Initialisms

A
  • DIY
  • UFO
  • RSPCA
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40
Q

What are shortenings?

A

Dropping the beginning/ending s from a word to create a shorter word that often replaces longer forms

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41
Q

Examples of shortenings

A

Examination/exam
Gymnasium/gym
Application/app

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42
Q

What is compounding?

A

Combination of two or more free morphemes to form a new word

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43
Q

How are compounds written?

A
  • separately
  • solid
  • hyphenated
44
Q

Examples of compounding

A

Hamburger
Seatbelt
Carpark
Driveway

45
Q

What is affixation?

A

Bound affixes are attached to the base of a word to create a new word

46
Q

Examples of affixation

A
  • Proactive
  • Transgender
  • Servo
  • Submarine
47
Q

What is Backformation?

A

Opposite of affixation, speakers remove what is believed to be an added bound morpheme

48
Q

Example of Backformation

A

Editor/edit
Projection/project
Addicted/addict
Versus/verse
Injury/injure

49
Q

What are blends?

A

Combination of two existing words where one or both words are shortened (incorporates meaning from both)

50
Q

Examples of Blends

A
  • smog
  • workaholic
  • spork
  • jorts
  • motel
51
Q

What are contractions?

A

Words made by shortening and combining two words

52
Q

Examples of contractions

A
  • can’t
  • wouldn’t
53
Q

What is conversion?

A

Word changes word class

54
Q

Examples of conversion

A

market: noun = verb
mail: noun = verb
note
dialogue
fool
key

55
Q

When was Early Modern English?

A

1450 - 1800

56
Q

When was the Old English Period?

A

450 - 1150

57
Q

Differences in Old English compared to now

A
  • many lexemes obsolete
  • others archaic or shifted
  • pronunciation change
  • word structure change
  • loss of endings
58
Q

What is standardization?

A

Development of a common standard from among a range of dialects

59
Q

How are languages classified?

A

According to genetic relatedness

60
Q

What is genetic relatedness?

A

Shares properties with languages related to it, evolved from the same parent language

61
Q

Who suggested the idea of genetic relatedness?

A

18th Century Sir William Jones

62
Q

What is the parent language?

A

Original Language

63
Q

What is the parent language of English?

A

Proto-Indo-European

64
Q

What are the factors affecting language development?

A
  • Time
  • Geographical/social separation
  • language change processes
65
Q

When is the earliest evidence of English?

A

8th Century

66
Q

When did the Plague occur?

A

1346CE

67
Q

What was the impact of the plagues on English?

A
  • weakened french stronghold
  • reduced linguistic diversity
  • accelerated change
68
Q

Why is the English Spelling System inconsistent?

A
  • inadequacies of the roman alphabet
  • borrowed spelling conventions eg. coffee
  • printing (user variation, lines)
  • phonological change eg. Knife
69
Q

What are the historical influences on English?

A
  • The Canterbury Tales
  • Viking Raid
  • Norman Invasion
  • The Printing Press
  • Samuel Dictionary
  • Mobile Phone
70
Q

The Conquerors

A

5th/6th centuries Germanic tribes from Europe settle in Britain
Marks beginning of Old English
Celtic people were inferior

71
Q

Power of Religion

A

597CE - Christianity brings Latin, viewed as the language of educated

72
Q

When did the Viking Invasion occur?

A

793CE and brought Old Norse

73
Q

What happened in 886CE?

A

Danlaw Treaty

74
Q

What is the significance of the Viking Invasion?

A
  • Rise to syntactic fixed order due to increased number of prepositions
    OE used case endings to indicate the relationship between words
75
Q

What is Beowulf?

A

1000CE
- literary poem
- first record of OE
- illustrates creative English use

76
Q

Battle of the Hastings

A

1066
William Normandy defeats King Harold
- French becomes language of power
- lexemes borrowed

77
Q

Caxton Printing Press

A

1476 CE
- London dialect emerges as most accepted
- Established Oxford/Cambridge
- Standardized and codified English

78
Q

The Canterbury Tales

A

1388CE
- Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in English not French
- brought literary to people
- establish London dialect as standard

79
Q

The Great Vowel Shift

A
  • between 1350/1700 BC
  • affect long vowels of pronunciation
  • affected spelling system
  • marks shift from middle to early modern English
80
Q

Shakespeare

A

1620
- published after death
- coined new words/phrases e.g. idioms
- huge impact on literature (popularity)

81
Q

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary

A

1755
- most comprehensive
- 40000+ entries
- did not include words he couldn’t explain/like
- subjective

82
Q

Cultural Revolution

A

1950
- move away from hierarchy, formality, uniformity values
- status defended by prescriptivists

83
Q

Electronic communication

A

1951 - 1st working computer
1983 - 1st commercial working phone
- e-varieties of English

84
Q

What is a fixed word order?

A

Indicates grammatical information

85
Q

Important Incursions

A
  • Vikings
  • Christianity
  • Battle of Hastings
86
Q

Phonological Change

A
  • ‘sc’ changed from ‘sh’ to ‘sk’ in scone or ‘s’ in science
  • OE clusters died out eg. ‘hn’
  • final e became silent
  • latin b silent in ‘doubt’
87
Q

Syntactic Change

A

From expressive to fixed word order

88
Q

Prescriptivist

A

Lays down rules of correctness about how language should be

89
Q

Descriptivist

A

Observes language use

90
Q

When was the typewriter patented?

A

1868CE

91
Q

When was the typewriter available to the public?

A

1874CE

92
Q

What was the purpose of the QWERTY keyboard?

A

To avoid jamming of commonly used letter bars.

93
Q

When was the electric typewriter/first computer invented?

A

1950CE

94
Q

What was invented in 1961?

A

Spherical type carrier typewriter

95
Q

What was the invention of the typewriter useful for?

A

Business Domain

96
Q

Who invented the QWERTY keyboard?

A

Christopher Scholes

97
Q

Examples of language developed as a result of the typewriter invention

A

Affixation - typist
Compounding: keyboard, typewriter
Neologisms - QWERTY

98
Q

When was the world wide web invented?

A

1990s

99
Q

What/when was the first social media platform invented?

A

Six degrees invented 1997CE

100
Q

When was the first smartphone invented and what was created?

A

2007 Steve Jobs
Emojis - borrowed from japanese
- abbreviations

101
Q

When was the first mobile phone invented?

A

1980s

102
Q

What are some features of a mobile phone?

A
  • physical number pad
  • emoticons
  • initialisms eg. “u” “r”
103
Q

What was the invention of the internet responsible for?

A

Increased/wave of neologisms
eg. webcam, firewall, email, trolling, meme

104
Q

Examples of semantic broadening associated with the invention of the internet

A

Original words had new functions
eg. spam, post, wall, page, home, hashtag

105
Q

How did social media and gaming influence?

A
  • language use attitudes
  • standard not usually upheld
  • many users have a descriptivist attitude
106
Q

Digital discourse

A

Language change reflect evolution of digital technology

107
Q

Examples of digital discourse

A
  • keyboard to interactive keyboard
  • smiling face to skull
  • fruit emojis
  • abbreviations such as wtf

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