U1AoS1 - Nature and Functions of Language

Question 1

Clause

Answer 1

• Larger unit than a phrase
• Must have at least a subject and verb

Question 2

Phrase

Answer 2

• Clusters of words that form a grammatical unit but are smaller than clauses
• Named after word class of most important word

Question 3

Affix

Answer 3

Morphemes attached to a stem
- Prefix
- Suffix
- Infix

Question 4

Function words

Answer 4

Structural functional words
Help grammatical structure
Closed class words
- Pronouns
- Determiners
- Conjunctions
- Prepositions
- Auxiliary verbs
- Modal verbs

Question 5

Articles

Answer 5

“a”, “an”, “the”
Determiner if a word is a noun

Question 6

Preposition

Answer 6

Express spatial information such as position or place.

Question 7

Assimilation

Answer 7

When sounds change to be more like neighboring sounds.
- Makes sequences of sounds easier to produce.

Question 8

Insertion

Answer 8

Inserting extra sounds or syllables making sequences of sounds easier to produce.

Question 9

Vowel reduction

Answer 9

Omission of unstressed vowels in everyday speech.
Sounds become a schwa.

Question 10

Phonetics

Answer 10

The study of speech sounds, the individual speech sounds.

Question 11

Independent Clause

Answer 11

• Can stand on own
• Main clause
• Must have the subject and verb phrase
• Grammatically complete

Question 12

Compound - complex sentences

Answer 12

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent.
Joined by coordinators and subordinators.

Question 13

Dependent clause

Answer 13

• Cannot stand alone
• Subordinate clause
• Must connect to the main clause
• Grammatically incomplete

Question 14

How are sentences classified?

Answer 14

Structure or communicative function

Question 15

Types of clauses

Answer 15

subject + verb
subject + verb + object
subject + verb + adverb
subject + verb + object + adverb

Question 16

Types of sentences

Answer 16

Simple, compound, complex, compound - complex

Question 17

Simple sentence

Answer 17

Contains a single independent clause

Question 18

Compound sentence

Answer 18

Two or more independent clauses joined by coordinators and semi-colons

Question 19

Complex sentence

Answer 19

One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
Joined by subordinators only

Question 20

Exclamative

Answer 20

Express with strong emotion.
Begin with how or what
!

Question 21

Phrasal verbs

Answer 21

• verb + adverb
• verb + preposition
• verb + adverb + preposition
  Meaning is different to the original meaning

Question 22

Prepositional verb

Answer 22

Verb + preposition
- Cannot stand alone, must be followed by noun phrase
- Cannot be separated
eg. “Listen to”

Question 23

Elision

Answer 23

Phonological speech process in which sounds are omitted in connected speech.
Ensures natural flowing speed, more efficient

Question 24

Direct object

Answer 24

Receives the action of the verb

Question 25

Displacement

Answer 25

- talk about things remote from the here and now - animals are stimulus bound - do not exhibit displacement - humans not restricted

Question 26

Manner of articulation

Answer 26

How air flow from the lungs is restricted/obstructed in some way.

Question 27

Types of morphemes

Answer 27

Free and bound

Question 28

What are connected speech processes?

Answer 28

Changes/modifications/alterations made to pronunciation of words when they are in context.

Question 29

Indirect object

Answer 29

Precede and receive the object in a sentence.

Question 30

Object

Answer 30

Noun phrase impacted by the action of the verb Direct/indirect

Question 31

Root morpheme

Answer 31

Semantic base or center of word Smallest unit in which new words are built.

Question 32

Morphology

Answer 32

The study of the internal structure of word and how they are forced.

Question 33

Modal verbs

Answer 33

Allow use to vary meaning of lexical verbs to include necessity, obligation or probability of an action - could - would - should - shall - must - may - will - might - can - shall

Question 34

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 34

Used to construct different timescales, questions, add emphasis or give information or mood - to do - to have - to be

Question 35

Interjections

Answer 35

Emotive, single words

Question 36

Syntax

Answer 36

How words relate to each other and combine to form sentences

Question 37

Adjectival phrases

Answer 37

Adjective is the main word Premodifiers = precede noun

Question 38

Verb phrase

Answer 38

Generally has a lexical verb as its main verb. This carries the main meaning of the verb phrase.

Question 39

Noun phrase

Answer 39

Usually begins with a determiner and has a noun as its most important word

Question 40

Order of sentence parts

Answer 40

Morphemes Lexemes Phrases Clauses

Question 41

Inflectional morphemes

Answer 41

Do not change the meaning or word class Provide additional grammatical information such as plurality, possession or tense.