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[3Y1S] MT 6317 > U2.1 Intro to Carbohydrates and Glucose Determination [L] > Flashcards

U2.1 Intro to Carbohydrates and Glucose Determination [L] Flashcards

1
Q

Major food source and energy supply for the body

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Carbohydrates is stored primarily at the _____ & ______

A

liver and muscle glycogen

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3
Q

2 Main Diseases of Carbohydrates

A

Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

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4
Q

2 Major Hormones

A

Insulin & Glucagon

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5
Q

Primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Decreases plasma glucose levels.

A

Insulin

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7
Q

Regulates glucose by increasing glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis and inhibiting glycogenolysis

A

Insulin

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8
Q

Primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels.

A

Glucagon

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9
Q

Increases plasma glucose levels by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

Measured routinely using serum or plasma

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Specimen for glucose

A

whole blood, urine, CSF, and other body fluids

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12
Q

T/F Whole blood glucose is approx. 11% lower than serum or plasma glucose

A

T

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13
Q

T/F Venous blood glucose is approx. 5 mg/dL lower than capillary blood due to tissue metabolism

A

F, 7 mg/dL lower than capillary blood

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14
Q

T/F CSF glucose levels is approx. 60-70% plasma glucose levels

A

T

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15
Q

sample obtained for FBG is collected during

A

morning

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16
Q

T/F Fasting plasma glucose has diurnal variation: ↑ AM than in PM

A

T

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17
Q

hrs of fasting for FBS

A

8-10 hrs fasting, not longer than 16 hrs

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18
Q

T/F Serum or plasma should be separated from the cells ASAP

A

T

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19
Q

Glucose

_____ lowers the glucose levels in an uncentrifuged blood specimen

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Glucose

Room temperature

A

decrease 5-10 mg/dL (5-7%) per hour

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21
Q

Glucose

Refrigerated temperature

A

approx. 2 mg/dL per hour

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22
Q

Tube used to inhibit vitro glycolysis

A

Sodium fluoride tube (gray top)

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23
Q

T/F Gray top is stable for up to 3 days at room temperature

A

T

24
Q

2 Main Methods of Glucose Determination

A
  1. Enzymatic
  2. Non-enzymatic
25
Q

Enzymatic Methods (3)

A
  1. Glucose oxidase
  2. Hexokinase
  3. Glucose dehydrogenase
26
Q

Non-enzymatic methods (3)

A
  1. Alkaline copper reduction method
  2. Alkaline ferric reduction method
  3. Condensation method
27
Q

Methods of Glucose Determination

Principle: Reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose

A

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

28
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

  • Glucose + alk. cupric tartrate → CuOH + heat → cuprous oxide
  • Cu2O + arsenomolybdic acid → arsenomolybdenum blue
A

Nelson Somogyi Method

29
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

Reaction :
- Glucose + alk. cupric tartrate → CuOH + heat → cuprous oxide
- Cu2O + phosphomolybdic acid → phosphomolybdenum blue

A

Folin Wu Method

30
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

Reaction :
- Glucose + alk. cupric-neocuproine → Cuprous-neocuproine complex

End color: yellow to yellow-orange

A

Neocuproine Method

31
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

Reaction :
- Glucose + CuSO4 (blue) + heat → Cu2O
- Uses tartrate & citrate as stabilizing agent

A

Benedict’s Method

32
Q

Alkaline Copper Reduction Method

End color: green → yellow → orange → brick red

A

Benedict’s Method

33
Q

Methods of Glucose Determination

Principle: Reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide in hot alkaline solution by glucose

A

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

34
Q

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

Reaction :
- Glucose + [Fe(CN)6]3− (yellow) in alk soln + heat → [Fe(CN)6]4− (colorless)
- Inverse colorimetry

A

Hagedorn Jensen Method

35
Q

Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method

End color of Hagedorn Jensen Method

A

colorless

36
Q

Methods of Glucose Determination

Principle: Ability of primary aromatic amine acid solution to condense with the aldehyde group of glucose to form glucosylamines (Schiff bases)

A

Condensation Method

37
Q

Methods of Glucose Determination

Formed when aldehyde group of glucose forms glucosylamines

A

Schiff bases

38
Q

Condensation Method

Reaction :
- Glucose + o-toluidine + acetic acid + heat → N-glucosylamine

A

Ortho-toluidine (Dubowski method)

39
Q

Condensation Method

End color of Ortho-toluidine (Dubowski method)

A

bluish green

40
Q

Also called Saifer Gernstenfield method

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

41
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Reaction :
Step 1: Mutarotase catalyzes mutarotation of α- to β-glucose * Step 2 & 3: Trinder reaction – couple reaction

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

42
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Also called Saifer Gernstenfield method

A

Glucose Oxidase Method

43
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Considered as the reference method for blood glucose determination

A

Hexokinase Method

44
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Principle
- Glucose + ATP > glucose-6-phosphate + ADP
- Glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+ > NADPH + H+ + 6-phosphogluconate

A

Hexokinase Method

45
Q

Enzymatic Methods

Principle:
1. α-D-glucose > β-D-glucose
2. β-D-glucose + NAD > gluconolactone + NADH
3. NADH + MTT > Formazan (blue)+ H2O
- MTT: tetrazolium bromide salt (colorless)

A

Glucose Dehydrogenase Method

46
Q

Glucose Oxidase Method

Glucose Oxidase Method is read on the assay requirements :
1. Wavelength
2. Optical path
3. Temperature
4. Measurement

A
  1. Wavelength: 500 nm
  2. Optical path: 1 cm
  3. Temperature: 37°C
  4. Measurement: Read against reagent blank
47
Q

Reference values and expected ranges of controls

Reference Values : conventional unit

A

Conventional unit = 70-110 mg/dL

48
Q

Reference values and expected ranges of controls

SI Unit

A

SI unit = 3.9-6.1 mmol/L

49
Q

Reference values and expected ranges of controls

Conversion factor (mg/dL → mmol/L)

A

0.0556

50
Q

Expected Ranges of Controls

Elitrol I (normal control)

A

80.0 – 108.2 mg/dL
4.44 – 6.00 mmol/L

51
Q

Expected Ranges of Controls

Elitrol II (pathologic control)

A

215.2 – 291.2 mg/dL
11.94 – 16.16 mmol/L

52
Q

Clinical Significance

Increased glucose leads to:

A

DM, pancreatitis, pituitary thyroid dysfunction, renal failure, liver disease

53
Q

Clinical significance

Decreased glucose leads to :

A

starvation, hyperinsulinemia, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, neoplasms

54
Q

Hypothetical readings : Accept or Reject

CN (N) = 93.33 mg/dL
CN (P) = 283.33 mg/dL

A

Accept both

55
Q

Hypothetical readings : Accept or Reject

Unkown = 76.67 mg/dL

A

Accept; normal

[3Y1S] MT 6317 (4 decks)

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