U2. Organisation of organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organisation level of living things

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

Define organelle

A

a structure in a cell

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3
Q

Define cell

A

A functional basic unit of an organism

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4
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function

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5
Q

Define organ

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

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6
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions

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7
Q

Define organism

A

All organ systems working together to form a biological entity

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8
Q

How are new cells produced?

A

by division of exsisting cells

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9
Q

What are common in all living cells?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • DNA as a genetic material (cytoplasm/enclosed in nucleus)
  • enzymes for respiration (release energy)
  • ribosomes (making protein)
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10
Q

Functions of cytoplasm

A

Contains enzymes for chemical reactions

  • supports cell structures
  • site of many chemical reactions
  • contains water and many solutes
  • e.g respiration
  • found in all cells
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11
Q

Where is cytoplasm found and what does it contain?

A

enclosed by cell membrane
contains cell organelles (mitochondria, nucleus)

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12
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A

Controls entry and exit in and out of the cell

- present in all cells

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13
Q

Functions of ribosomes

A

Make proteins from amino acids using the information on mRNA (protein synthesis)

  • present in all cells
  • only visible under electron microscope
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14
Q

Functions of nucleus

A

Enclose DNA, controls cell activities

- not present in prokaryotes

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15
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by and what does this do?

A

The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate it from the cytoplasm

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16
Q

Functions of cell wall

A

Gives shape to the cell, stops cells from bursting when they are placed in pure water
- present: plants, fungus, prokaryote

17
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration - breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy

  • present: animals, plants, fungus
  • only visible under electron microscope
18
Q

Functions of vesicle

A

transports substances from a place to another within the cell

  • present: animal, plants
  • only visible under electron microscope
19
Q

Functions of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis - converts light energy to chemical energy

  • present: plants, some prokaryotes
  • packed with chlorophyll
20
Q

Functions of vacuole/permanent vacuole

A

Stores water and salts

- present only in plants

21
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.

22
Q

What are the adaptations of cells controlled by?

A

These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus

23
Q

what are examples of specialised cells in animals?

A
  • sperm cell
  • egg cell
  • ciliated epithelial cell
  • nerve cell
  • red blood cell
24
Q

Sperm cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • fertilise egg cell
  • found in testes
  • small, has a long tail (provides movement: can swim and find egg cell)
  • head contains enzymes that allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it
25
Q

Egg cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • fertilised by sperm cell
  • found in ovaries
  • large, round
  • contains yolk: provide large food store for new cell being formed
26
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • stop lung damage
  • air passages in lungs
  • have cilia (tiny hairs)
  • cilia sweep mucus with trapped dust, bacteria back up the throat to protect the lungs
27
Q

Nerve cell: function, `adaptations

A
  • carry electrical signals and nerve impulses to different parts of the body
  • long
  • have connections at each end
28
Q

Red blood cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • carry oxygen
  • blood
  • biconcave shape, no nucleus: for more haemoglobin and oxygen
  • contains haemoglobin (joins with oxygen)
29
Q

what are examples of specialised cells in plants

A
  • palisade mesophyll cells
  • root hair cell
  • xylem cell
30
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • photosynthesis
  • in a leaf (the top)
  • tall, large surface area to absorb sunlight and exchange gases (oxygen, CO2)
  • packed with chloroplasts: make glucose
31
Q

Root hair cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • absorb water, ions
  • roots
  • large surface area: absorb water and minerals
  • thin cell wall: easier for minerals to pass through
32
Q

Xylem cell: function, found in, adaptations

A
  • transport water
  • in stem and leaves
  • no cytoplasm and cell wall: pass through easily
33
Q

Equation of magnification

A

magnification = image size / actual size