U2. Organisation of organisms Flashcards
Name the organisation level of living things
Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Define organelle
a structure in a cell
Define cell
A functional basic unit of an organism
Define tissue
A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function
Define organ
A structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions
Define organ system
A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions
Define organism
All organ systems working together to form a biological entity
How are new cells produced?
by division of exsisting cells
What are common in all living cells?
- cytoplasm
- cell membrane
- DNA as a genetic material (cytoplasm/enclosed in nucleus)
- enzymes for respiration (release energy)
- ribosomes (making protein)
Functions of cytoplasm
Contains enzymes for chemical reactions
- supports cell structures
- site of many chemical reactions
- contains water and many solutes
- e.g respiration
- found in all cells
Where is cytoplasm found and what does it contain?
enclosed by cell membrane
contains cell organelles (mitochondria, nucleus)
Functions of cell membrane
Controls entry and exit in and out of the cell
- present in all cells
Functions of ribosomes
Make proteins from amino acids using the information on mRNA (protein synthesis)
- present in all cells
- only visible under electron microscope
Functions of nucleus
Enclose DNA, controls cell activities
- not present in prokaryotes
What is the nucleus surrounded by and what does this do?
The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate it from the cytoplasm
Functions of cell wall
Gives shape to the cell, stops cells from bursting when they are placed in pure water
- present: plants, fungus, prokaryote
Functions of mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration - breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy
- present: animals, plants, fungus
- only visible under electron microscope
Functions of vesicle
transports substances from a place to another within the cell
- present: animal, plants
- only visible under electron microscope
Functions of chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis - converts light energy to chemical energy
- present: plants, some prokaryotes
- packed with chlorophyll
Functions of vacuole/permanent vacuole
Stores water and salts
- present only in plants
what are specialised cells?
those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.
What are the adaptations of cells controlled by?
These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus
what are examples of specialised cells in animals?
- sperm cell
- egg cell
- ciliated epithelial cell
- nerve cell
- red blood cell
Sperm cell: function, found in, adaptations
- fertilise egg cell
- found in testes
- small, has a long tail (provides movement: can swim and find egg cell)
- head contains enzymes that allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it
Egg cell: function, found in, adaptations
- fertilised by sperm cell
- found in ovaries
- large, round
- contains yolk: provide large food store for new cell being formed
Ciliated epithelial cell: function, found in, adaptations
- stop lung damage
- air passages in lungs
- have cilia (tiny hairs)
- cilia sweep mucus with trapped dust, bacteria back up the throat to protect the lungs
Nerve cell: function, `adaptations
- carry electrical signals and nerve impulses to different parts of the body
- long
- have connections at each end
Red blood cell: function, found in, adaptations
- carry oxygen
- blood
- biconcave shape, no nucleus: for more haemoglobin and oxygen
- contains haemoglobin (joins with oxygen)
what are examples of specialised cells in plants
- palisade mesophyll cells
- root hair cell
- xylem cell
Palisade mesophyll cells: function, found in, adaptations
- photosynthesis
- in a leaf (the top)
- tall, large surface area to absorb sunlight and exchange gases (oxygen, CO2)
- packed with chloroplasts: make glucose
Root hair cell: function, found in, adaptations
- absorb water, ions
- roots
- large surface area: absorb water and minerals
- thin cell wall: easier for minerals to pass through
Xylem cell: function, found in, adaptations
- transport water
- in stem and leaves
- no cytoplasm and cell wall: pass through easily
Equation of magnification
magnification = image size / actual size