U1. Characteristics of living things and classification Flashcards
Name the 7 characteristics of living things
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
(MRS GREN)
Define movement
action by an organism/part of an organism
causing a change of position or place
Define respiration
chemical reactions
that break down nutrient molecules in living cells
release energy for metabolism
Define sensitivity
ability to detect or respond to the stimuli
in the internal or external environment
Define growth
a permanent increase in size and dry mass
by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
Define reproduction
Process that makes more of the same kind of organism
Define excretion
the removal from organisms of
-toxic materials
-waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration)
-substances in excess of requirements
Define nutrition
the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
Define species
a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
In what ways can species be classified into groups?
they can be classified into groups by the features they share
Classification hierachy sequence
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
King Phillips Came Over For Good Soup
King Phillips Came Over For Grandma’s Spaghetti
How does the binomial system work? (how are they classified and named)
First name: Genus (capitalised)
Second name: species (lower case)
eg. Panthera leo
Why do organisms share features?
originally descend from a common ancestor
What does it show if the base sequences in the DNA of two species are similar?
More closely related, and organisms which share a more recent ancestor have base sequences in DNA that are more similar to those that share only a distant ancestor
How does the sequence of the bases in DNA help classify species?
When different species are very similar morphologically (in appearance) and anatomically (internal structure), DNA bases are used as a means of classification
What is a kingdom?
a category of living organisms
Name the 3 modes of nutrition
Autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophytic
Define autotrophic and name it’s name in food chains
produce its own food – producers
Define heterotrophic and name it’s name in food chains
need to feed on other organisms – consumers
Define saprophytic and name it’s name in food chains
releases enzymes and digest food, decay matter outside its body – decomposers
Name the 5 kingdoms
Animal, plant, fungus, prokaryote, protoctist
What are the main features of all animals? (multi/unicellular, cell wall, nucleus, modes of nutrition)
- multicellular
- no cell wall
- has nucleus
- heterotrophic
What are the main features of all plants? (multi/unicellular, cell wall, nucleus, modes of nutrition)
- multicellular
- has a cell wall (cellulose)
- has nucleus
- autotrophic
What are the main features of all fungi? (multi/unicellular, cell wall, nucleus, modes of nutrition, reproduction…)
- some are multicellular, some are unicellular
- has a cell wall (chitin)
- has a nucleus
- saprophytic
- asexual reproduction (spores)
- produce spores
- has hyphae (mycelium)
What are the main features of all protoctists? (multi/unicellular, cell wall, nucleus, modes of nutrition, reproduction)
- unicellular
- some has cell wall
- some has nucleus
- autotrophic and saprophytic
- asexual & sexual reproduction
What are the main features of all prokaryotes? (multi/unicellular, cell wall, nucleus, modes of nutrition, reproduction…)
- unicellular
- has cell wall
- NO nucleus
- has circular strand of DNA and plasmid (small loops of DNA)
- heterotrophic, saprophytic
- has a flagella
- produce spores
- asexual reproduction (binary fission)
What are animals classifed as?
Vertebrates and arthropods
What do vertebrates have in common?
- back bone
- internal skeleton
What are the five vertebrates?
Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals
Fish: skin, ears, breathing, movement, fertilisation, development, cold/warm
- skin: moist, covered with scales
- no ears
- breathing: gill
- fins for swimming
- external fertilisation
- external development
- cold blooded
Amphibians: skin, ears, breathing, movement, fertilisation, development, cold/warm
- skin: moist, smooth
- has ears
- breathing: young - gills, adults - skin and lungs
- movement: limbs
- external fertilisation
- external development
- cold-blooded
-> frogs
Reptiles: skin, ears, breathing, movement, fertilisation, development, cold/warm
- skin: dry, scale
- have ears
- lungs to breathe
- body for movement
- internal fertilisation (eggs are waterproof)
- external development
- cold blooded
-> lizards
Birds: skin, ears, breathing, movement, fertilisation, development, cold/warm
- skin: fur
- has ears
- lungs to breathe
- wings for flying
- internal fertilization (eggs have a hard shell)
- external development
- warm blooded
mammals: skin, ears, breathing, movement, fertilisation, development, cold/warm
- skin: covered with fur or hair
- have ears (with external pinna)
- lungs for breathing
- limbs for movement
- internal fertilisation
- internal development
- warm blooded
What do arthropods have in common?
- joint legs
- covered with a hard exoskeleton
- have segmented bodies
What is cephalothorax?
The head and neck segment
What is the function of antenna?
- detect changes in environment
- communicate with others
Name the four arthropods
Crustaceans, myriapods, insects, arachnids
Give an example for each arthropod
Crustaceans: shrimp
Myriapods: centipede
Insect: bee
Arachnids: spider
Crustaceans: pairs of legs, body regions, pairs of antennae, types of eyes, wings, special feature
- 5 or more
- 2 (cephalothorax and abdomen)
- 2 pairs
- compound eyes
- no wings
- calcified hard exoskeleton
Myriapods: pairs of legs, body regions, pairs of antennae, types of eyes, wings, special feature
- 10+
- many
- 1 pair
- simple eyes
- no wings
- each segment has 1/2 pairs of legs
Insects: pairs of legs, body regions, pairs of antennae, types of eyes, wings, special feature
- 3 pairs
- 3 segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
- 1 pair
- compound eyes
- 2 pairs of wings
- cuticle covering the body prevents water
Arachnids: pairs of legs, body regions, pairs of antennae, types of eyes, wings, special feature
- 4 pairs
- 2 segments (cephalothorax, abdomen)
- no antennae
- simple eyes
- no wings
- poisonous chelicerae (biting)
What do verns and flowering plants have in common? List two
- vascular system
- leaves, stems, roots
What key feature is present in flowering plants and absent in ferns?
flowering plants have seeds, ferns do not
Features of monocot: cotyledon, leaf shape, vascular system, petals
- single cotyledon
- parallel, long
- scattered, parallel
- flowers parts (x3)
Features of dicot: cotyledon, leaf shape, vascular system, petals
- two cotyledon
- broad leaf
- network of veins
- flower parts (x4/x5)
What are the main features of virus?
- protein coat: protect genetic material
- genetic material: reproduce in host cell
- surface protein: recognise to host
