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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > U2- Muscular System (Histology/ Contraction/ Metabolism) > Flashcards

U2- Muscular System (Histology/ Contraction/ Metabolism) Flashcards

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1
Q

three universal chara. of muscles

A

excitability
contractility
elasticity

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2
Q

functions

A

support/ posture
temp homeostasis
regulation of dig. passage
protection of soft tissue

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated + voluntary
connected to bones
composed of muscular tissue + fibrous CT

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4
Q

muscular tissue

A

actin and myosin

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5
Q

Protective layers in muscle CT

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

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6
Q

endomysium

A

surr. e/ fiber

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7
Q

perimysium

A

bundles fibers into fasicles

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8
Q

epimysium

A

surr. entire muscle

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9
Q

myofilaments

A

have actin + cross-bridging binding sites

3 types, thick, thin and elastic

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10
Q

thick myofilaments

A

made of myosin (golf club head structure)

intertwined shaft tail

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11
Q

thin myofilaments

A

made of fibrous + globular actin
G binds to head of mysoin
when relaxed tropomyosin blocks active site
(allows sliding)

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12
Q

tropomyosin

A

binds to actin

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13
Q

elastic myofilament

A

made of protein titin
stabilizes thick fila.
prevents overstretching

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14
Q

striations

A

A + I bands

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15
Q

A bands

A

dark
where thick and think myofil. overlap
middle = H Band
ONLY thick

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16
Q

I bands

A

light
located by Z disk
anchor point
when shrink together they shorted muscle during contra.

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17
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma mem. of muscle fibers

polarized

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18
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm in btw muscle fibers

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19
Q

satellite cells

A

unspecialized cells

btw muscle fibers and endomysium

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20
Q

myofibril

A

arranged area of musc. fibers

section from z disk to z disk

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21
Q

myoblast

A

stem cell for muscl

divide + connect

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22
Q

nerve stim. and muscle contraction relationship

A

nerve stim= musc. contrac.

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23
Q

motor neurons

A

located in spinal cord and brain stem
axons lead to musc.
1 neuron= 1 motor fiber

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24
Q

motor unit

A

neuron and motor fiber

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25
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

type of synapse

nerve fiber meets muscle cell (myocyte)

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26
Q

synapse

A

nerve fiber meets receptor cell

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27
Q

synaptic cleft

A

separates axon terminal + musc. fiber

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28
Q

axon term.

A

end of e/ nerve fiber

contains synaptic vesicle

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29
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

filled w/ neurotrans. chem.

excrete w/ exocytosis

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30
Q

electrical potential

A

“voltage”

diff in charge btw 2 points

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31
Q

voltage

A

resting mem. potential

maintained by Na- k pump

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32
Q

phases of muscle behavior

A

1-excitation
2- excitation-contraction coupling
3- contraction
4- relaxation

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33
Q

muscle tone

A

partial contraction

prepares musc. for action

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34
Q

endpoint of contraction

A

contraction stops when thick filam. reach z disks

brief and weak

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35
Q

endpoint of relaxation

A

stretching stops when no overlap btw thick and thin filaments.
myosin heads unable to attach to anything

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36
Q

myogram

A

chart for timing and strength of musc. contraction

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37
Q

threshold

A

min voltage necessary generate action pot. in fiber

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38
Q

latent period

A

delay btw threshold and twitch

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39
Q

contraction phase

A

musc. produces tension + moves object

only when at max elongation (rubber band)

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40
Q

factors affecting strength of twitch

A

temp
intensity of stim.
frequency of stim.

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41
Q

twitch temp

A

if warm, enzymes wrk faster

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42
Q

twitch stim frequency

A

fast frequency- strong and quick

slow frequency- weak and long

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43
Q

twitch stim intensity

A

higher volt- more excitability- more motor units involved

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44
Q

recruitment

A

chain of motor units are involved

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45
Q

temporal summation

A

stimulus’ piggyback on e/o
causes incomplete tetanus
inc. intensity of twitch

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46
Q

complete tetanus

A

not normal in bio functions

twitches fuse into single contraction

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47
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle tension changes w/ same length
contraction at cellular lvl
energy absorb. by elastic
NO MVMNT

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48
Q

isotonic contraction types

A

eccentric and concentric

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49
Q

isotonic contraction

A

contraction w/ change in length w/ same tension

object lifiting has opposite force

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50
Q

eccentric contraction

A

isotonic

lengthens + maintains tension

51
Q

concentric contraction

A

shortens and maintains tension

52
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A

short term energy
cell produces ATP w/out O2
generates lactic acid

53
Q

aerobic respiration

A

long term energy

cell produces ATP w/ continual O2

54
Q

fast-twitch muscles

A

white color
energy from anaerobic (produces ATP faster)
fast absorption and releasement of Ca

55
Q

slow-twitch muscles

A

red color
energy from aerobic respir.
slow Ca absorption and releasement

56
Q

cardiac muscle functions

A

contract w/ reg rhythm
involuntary
resistant to fatigue (aerboic respir.)
long contractions

57
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A

striated and branched (intercalated discs)
larger T-tubules
enlarged mitochondria
no need for outside nervous stim.

58
Q

smooth muscle function

A

drives food through dig. system (peristalsis)
dilate + constrict blood vessels
maintains BP

59
Q

smooth muscle structure

A

no striations
ATP from aerobic respir.
latch bridge mechanism
involuntary

60
Q

visceral muscle

A

“single-unit smooth muscl”
cells connected w/ gap junction
directly stim e/o and act as one unit

61
Q

smooth musc. ways of excitation

A

autonomic nerve fibers
neurotransmitters
contraction / relaxation (slow!!)

62
Q

smooth muscle contraction process

A 
Ca binds to calmodulin
activates myosin light chain kinase
      adds ph grp to regul. protein
          hydrolases ATP
                pwr/ recovery strokes occur
63
Q

skeletal muscle phase 1- excitation

A

1-nerve signal reaches neuro-m junction,
opens Ca voltage-gated channel, Ca enters cell
2- Ca stim. release ACh into synaptic cleft
3- Ach diffuses and binds receptors on sarcolemma
4- Na flows into cell making sarcolem. less negative (depolarization) and K flows out changing sarclem. to higher negative again (repolarization)
5- change in charge of resting mem. poten. = Action. poten.

64
Q

skeletal muscle phase 2- excitation-contraction coupling

A

1- Action potential charge reaches t tubules + travels down
2- action pot. opens gated channels in t tubules, which opens Ca channels
3- Ca binds to troponin of thin filam
4- tropomysoin/troponin changes shape, exposes active site on actin filam. for bonding
5- can now connet to myosin heads of thick filam.

65
Q

skeletal muscle phase 3- Contraction

A

“sliding filament model”
1- ADP + Ph energize head into high energy position
2- head binds active site on thin fila.
forms cross-bridge btw myosin and actin
3- myosin releases ADP + Ph upon binding, moves into low energy position, bringing thin filam. along w/
“power stroke”
stays bound to actin until released by ATP
4- ATP binds to myosin, head releases from actin, and returns to recovery stroke in high energy position to rebind farther down thin filament

66
Q

skeletal muscle phase 4- Relaxation

A

1- nerve signals stop reaching neuro-musc. junction
ACh not released
2- stimulation of fiber ceases bc ACh broken down
3- Ca dissociated from troponin not replaced
4- tropomyosin blocks active site on thin filament,
muscle loses tension

67
Q

muscle tone

A

partial contraction
prepares musc. for action
consumes contin. energy

68
Q

myogram

A

chart displays timing and strength of musc. contraction

69
Q

threshold

A

minim. voltage necessary generate action pot. in fiber

70
Q

maximum threshold

A

twitch occurs

71
Q

contraction phase

A

musc. produces tension + moves object (load)

72
Q

factors that affect strength of twitch

A

how stretched before stim.
temp of muscl. (if warm enzymes wrk faster)
stim frequency
together= strong and quick
apart= weak and long
intensity of stim
higher volt= mre excitability= mre motor units involved

73
Q

recruitment

A

multiple motor units involved in excitation

74
Q

temporal summation

A

stimulus overlap e/o before muscle can recover
causes incomplete tetanus
inc. intensity of twitch

75
Q

incomplete tetanus

A

caused by temporal summation

76
Q

complete tetanus

A

twitch turns into single contraction

not normal human process

77
Q

isometric contraction

A

musc. changes tenses
length is constant
maintains joint stability and acts as structure
Ex. wall sit

78
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle tense constant
length changes
Ex. lift barbell
eccentric v. concentric

79
Q

eccentric contraction

A

lengths w/ same tension

80
Q

concentric contraction

A

shortens w/ same tension

81
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A 
ATP source
without O2
generates lactic acid
short term energy
used ATP + phosphate
82
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses O2
long term energy
produces more ATP
uses glucose + fatty acids

83
Q

Activity level- Rest

A

fatty acids carboxylized

ATP + Glycogen made

84
Q

Activity level- Moderate

A

glycogen consumed
makes lots of ATP
aerobic

85
Q

Activity level- Strenuous

A

lactic acid produced
demand for O2 greater than supply
makes little ATP
anaerobic

86
Q

fatigue factors

A

K plus accumulation
fuel depletion
electrolyte loss

87
Q

fuel depletion

A

no mol. to synthesize ATP

energy demand> energy supply

88
Q

K plus accumulation

A

lowers mem. potential

makes less excitable

89
Q

excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC)

A

diff. btw elevated heart rate at end of exercise and normal heart rate
O2 needed regen. ATP aerobically
convert lactic acid to glucose

90
Q

slow twitch

A 
red color
"slow oxidative"
maintain posture
fatigue resistant
aerobic resp.
91
Q

slow twitch composition

A

blood capillaries
myoglobin
mitochondria

92
Q

fast twitch

A 
anaerobic ferm.
white color
"fast glycolytic"
fast ATP hydrolysis
fatigue quick
93
Q

fast twitch composition

A

high con. of glycogen + phosphate

94
Q

cardiac muscle function

A

invol.
contract w/ reg rhythm
resistant to fatigue (aerobic resp.)

95
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A

striated, branched (intercalated discs)
not need outside nervous stim.
enlarged mitochon.

96
Q

smooth musc. structure

A

no striations
not always innervated
if so- are involuntary
few T-tubules

97
Q

smooth muscle functions

A

peristalsis
dilate/ contract blood vessels + airway
maintain BP

98
Q

hypertrophy

A

cells divide and grow

opposite of hypo trophy

99
Q

latch-bridge mechanism

A

in smooth musc.

maintains tonic concentration (muscle tone)

100
Q

smooth muscle- visceral muscle

A

single unit smooth muscle
cells connect w/ gap junction
directly stim e/ o/ -act as one unit

101
Q

smooth muscle-ways of excitation

A

autonomic nerve fibers

neurotransmitters

102
Q

Smooth musc- contraction and relaxation

A

slow process
Ca binds to calmodulin
adds ph grp to 2 proteins
hydrolysis ATP

103
Q

the accumulation of blank ions during short exercise lowers mem. potential of the muscles and makes it less excitable

A

potassium

104
Q

calcium channel pockets in the sarcolemma of smooth musc. cell pockets

A

caveolae

105
Q

thickened notched ends of cardiac musc. cell w/ gap jun.

A

intercalated discs

106
Q

swelling along length of nerve fiber, innervates smooth musc.

A

varicosities

107
Q

regulatory protein in smooth musc. that binds to Ca and activates myosin light-chain kinase, replaces troponin in smooth musc., binds to Ca

A

Calmondium

108
Q

what protein activates myosin light-chain kinase

A

Calmondium

109
Q

what protein replaces troponin in smooth muscle

A

calmondium

110
Q

binds to calcium in terminal cisternae

A

calsequestrin

111
Q

charac. of voluntary relaxation

A

stop stim.
no calcitrol
Ca transported to sarcoplasmic reticulum
breaks bond w/ troponin
(tropomyosin covers active site)

112
Q

charac. of involuntary relaxation

A

lack Ca

no ATP

113
Q

all of none principle

A

if at threshold, all fibers contract

114
Q

tension

A

position musc. in before contraction

115
Q

length-tension relat.

A

optimum overlap of myofilaments

strength varies w/ amnt tension before contraction

116
Q

contraction switch factors

A

strength and intensity

117
Q

contraction strength

A

happens by motor unit recruitment

118
Q

contraction intensity

A

how many motor units are involved

119
Q

energy currency

A 
ATP
        Ph andGTP
required for contraction
glycogen
creatine phosphate
120
Q

ATP generation

A

oxidative or fermentation

121
Q

glycogen as energy

A

if not used turns to fat

stores longer in aerobic resp.

122
Q

creatine phosphate as energy

A

reversible rxn
ATP needs be constant
made w/ ATP and creatine

123
Q

strength exercise

A

anaerobic ferm.
hypertrophy
muscl. cells build more myofilam.

124
Q

endurance exercise

A

can convert intermediate fibers
inc. blood supply
aerobic resp.

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (12 decks)

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