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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > Practical 1 > Flashcards

Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Planes- Sagittal

A

Divides body into L & R

passes vertically through body

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2
Q

Anatomical Planes- Frontal

A

Divides body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front)

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3
Q

Anatomical Planes- Transverse

A

Divides body into top and bottom- perpendicular to sagittal

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4
Q

Divides body into top and bottom- perpendicular to sagittal

A

Anatomical Planes- Transverse

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5
Q

Divides body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front)

A

Anatomical Planes- Frontal

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6
Q

Divides body into L & R

passes vertically through body

A

Anatomical Planes- Sagittal

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7
Q

Dorsal

A

back

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8
Q

Ventral

A

front

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9
Q

Superior

A

above, toward the head

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10
Q

inferior

A

below, towards the feet

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11
Q

Medial

A

towards midline of body

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12
Q

lateral

A

side of body or body part that is farthest from the midline

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13
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back of the body

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14
Q

ventral

A

towards the front of the body

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15
Q

distal

A

farther from the point of attachment

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16
Q

proximal

A

closest to the point of attachment

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17
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

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18
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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19
Q

back

A

dorsal or posterior

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20
Q

front

A

ventral of anterior

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21
Q

superficial

A

closer to the surface of the body

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22
Q

deep

A

further into the body away from the surface

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23
Q

ipsilateral

A

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body

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24
Q

contralateral

A

belonging to or occurring on the opposite side of the body

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25
Q

axial

A

head, neck and trunk

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26
Q

appendicular

A

upper and lower limbs, extremities

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27
Q

cephalic

A

combo of head regions

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28
Q

cranial

A

upper part of head

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29
Q

facial

A

lower part of head

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30
Q

frontal

A

forehead

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31
Q

buccal

A

cheek

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32
Q

cervical

A

neck

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33
Q

thoracic

A

chest (incl. sternal + pectoral)

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34
Q

abdominal

A

stomach

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35
Q

pelvic

A

bony pelvis, pelvic cavity, pelvic floor and perineum

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36
Q

sternal

A

upper chest

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37
Q

axillary

A

armpit

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38
Q

acromial

A

shoulder

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39
Q

brachial

A

upper arm

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40
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

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41
Q

antebracial

A

lower forearm

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42
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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43
Q

palmar

A

palm

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44
Q

digital

A

fingers/toes

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45
Q

inguinal

A

groin region

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46
Q

pubic

A

pubic region, incl genitalia

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47
Q

femoral

A

upper thigh

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48
Q

coxal

A

hip bone (made of ilium, ischium and pubis)

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49
Q

patellar

A

knee

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50
Q

crural

A

lower leg (below knee)

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51
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

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52
Q

pedal

A

foot

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53
Q

occipital

A

anterior base of skull

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54
Q

scapular

A

scapula

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55
Q

manual

A

back of elbow

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56
Q

scaral

A

sacrum (connects to tailbone)

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57
Q

gluteal

A

buttocks

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58
Q

perineal

A

surface region btw pubic symphysis and coccyx

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59
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

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60
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

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61
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

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62
Q

cardiovascular organ system

A

Distribution of nutrients

acid base balance

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63
Q

digestive organ system

A 
nutrient breakdown and absorption
liver functions...
        regulate metabolism
        synth. of plasma proteins
        filters toxins/ blood
64
Q

endocrine organ system

A

hormone production

internal chem. communication

65
Q

integumentary organ system

A 
protection
water retention
thermoregulation
cutaneous sensation
vitamin D synthesis
66
Q

lymphatic/ immune organ system

A

recovery excess tissue fluid
detection of pathogens
production of immune cells

67
Q

muscular organ system

A

movmnt
stability
heat production

68
Q

nervous organ system

A

rapid internal comm.
coordination
motor control
sensation

69
Q

reproductive organ system (female)

A

production of eggs
site of fetal dev. + nourishment
site of birth
lactation synthesis

70
Q

reproductive organ system (male)

A

production / delivery of sperm

secretion of sex hormones

71
Q

respiratory organ system

A

absorption of o2
discharge of co2
acid base balance
speech

72
Q

skeletal organ system

A

support, mvmnt
mineral storage
blood formation
protective enclosure of viscera (organs)

73
Q

urinary/ excretory organ system

A 
elimination of waste
regulation of blood vol + pressure
blood detoxification
stimulation of RBC formation
control of electrolyte flow
74
Q

heart + blood vessels

A

cardiovascular

75
Q

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, sm + lrg intestines, liver, gallbladder + pancreas

76
Q

Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Testes + Ovaries

77
Q

Skin
Hair/ Nails
Ataneous glands

A

integumentary

78
Q

skeletal muscles

79
Q

Brain
Spinal Column
Nerves
Ganglia

80
Q

Ovaries, Falopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, + Mammary glands

A

reproductive- female

81
Q

Testes, Epididymides, Spermatic ducts, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland + Penis

A

reproductive- male

82
Q

Nose
Pharnyx + Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi + Lungs

A

respiratory

83
Q

Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments

84
Q

Kidneys
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Urethra

A

urinary/ excretory

85
Q

Phases of Mitosis (IPMAT)

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase
86
Q

interphase

A

cell performs reg. functions

copies its DNA

87
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centrioles make spindle fibers
(can pick out defined lines in big nucleus)

88
Q

metaphase

A

cell’s chromosomes align on middle of metaphase plate

89
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes break apart (pulled by spindle fibers anchored at opposite poles of the cell)

90
Q

telophase

A

cell begins to cleave
2 daughter nuclei form
membrane forms around chromosomes

91
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in chem. concentration btw one point and another

92
Q

filtration

A

mvmnt of H2O through a SPM due to hydrostatic pressure (force of gravity)

93
Q

diffusion

A

net mvmnt particles from high concen. to low concen.

94
Q

passive transport

A

mvmnt of particles across cell mem. w/out energy input

95
Q

osmosis

A

net flow of water through SPM

from area high concen. to area low concen.

96
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier-mediated transport of solute through mem. and down concent. gradient

97
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eater”

consumes cellular debris, dirt and bacteria

98
Q

hypertonic

A

consumes water

concen. of NP solutes< intracellular fluid

99
Q

hyptonic

A

repels water and shrivels (crenate)

concen. of NP solutes> intracellular fluid

100
Q

isotonic

A

concen. of NP solutes = intracellular fluid

101
Q

active transport

A

transport of particles through SPM and up concen. gradient

w/ aid of carrier powered on ATP

102
Q

Primary categories of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

103
Q

functions of Epithelial tissues

A 
secretion 
excretion
absorption
structure
filtration
protection
sensation
104
Q

shapes of epith. (3)

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

105
Q

arrangements of epith (3)

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

106
Q

types of Cell junctions

A

tight
desmosomes
gap

107
Q

tight junction

A

encircles cells to connect them

make closed gate w/ proteins

108
Q

desmosome junction

A

snaps cells together so they don’t separate

can’t prevent mol. mvmnt through cell

109
Q

gap junction

A

formed by connexon
used for solute transportation
(flower structure)

110
Q

connexon

A

transmem. protein ring

111
Q

Simple gland

A

single unbranched duct

112
Q

compound duct

A

branched duct

113
Q

acinar

A

secretory cells form dilated sac

114
Q

tubular

A

if branch diameter = secretion tube

115
Q

serous

A

produce watery / thin fluids

milk/ digestive fluid

116
Q

mucous

A

secrete mucin

117
Q

mucin

A

absorbs h20 and makes mucus

118
Q

types of glandular secretion

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

119
Q

merocrine

A

release by exocytosis

120
Q

apocrine

A

bud secretions off through plasma mem.

121
Q

holocrine

A

release by accumulate product + explode

122
Q

Four primary membranes

A

cutaneous
mucous
serous
endothelium

123
Q

cutaneous

A

(skin)

resists dehydration

124
Q

mucous

A

lines passages open to exterior environment

mouth, lungs and stomach

125
Q

serous

A

produce watery serous fluid
lines body cavaities
(pelvic, and abdominal)

126
Q

endothelium

A

compose circulatory system

tunica interna of blood vessels and endocardium of heart

127
Q

simple squamous location+ function

A

alveoli of lungs

rapid diffusion or transportation of substances through mem.

128
Q

simple cuboidal location and function

A

majority of glands (adrenal and pituitary)

absorption

129
Q

simple columnar location and function

A

the lining of intestines

secretion of mucus

130
Q

stratified squamous keratinized fun. and location

A

plams and soles

resist abrasion + dehydration

131
Q

stratified squamous non-ker. function and location

A

tongue or esophagus

resists abrasion and pathogen penetration

132
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

ONLY ONE W/ CILLIA
respir. tract
secretes and propels mucus

133
Q

precursor to CT

A

mesenchyme

134
Q

functions of CT

A 
storage
support
transport
immune protection
heat production
135
Q

Three aspects in all CT

A

cells
fibers
ground substance

136
Q

matrix

A

ground substance + fibers

137
Q

Branches of CT

A

Loose, Dense, Cartilage and Other

138
Q

Loose CT parts

A

areolar, reticular, adipose

139
Q

Dense CT parts

A

regular and irregular

140
Q

Cartilage parts

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

141
Q

“Other” branch parts

A

Bone

Blood

142
Q

areolar

A

surround blood vessels

fun- allows passage of nerves and blood through tissue

143
Q

reticular

A

fun- structural support for organs

found in kidney or spleen

144
Q

adipose

A 
fun- long term energy storage
heat generation (brown fat)
surrounds organs and in dermis
145
Q

dense regular

A

found in tendons and ligaments

resistance to forces pulling along a single axis (movement)

146
Q

dense irregular

A

fun- expand in all directions
(allow for diff. concentration gradients)
found in arteries

147
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

holds open airway and eases joint function

found at end of long bones

148
Q

elastic cartilage

A

fun- flexible and elastic support for mvmnt

found in external ear

149
Q

fibrocartilage

A

absorbs shock and resists compression in joints for mvmnt (jumping)
intervertebral discs

150
Q

Blood

A

fun- transport of nutrients and CO2

found in blood vessels and veins

151
Q

Bones

A

fun- store calcium and support

attached to tendons

152
Q

Epithelial v Connective Tissue differences

A

ep- for secretion and absorption/ protection
ct- for support, and storage

ep- thinner and less diverse
ct- most abundant and highly diverse

ep- lumen
ct- no lumen

ep- has cilia and can be keratinized
ct- no basal and apical surface

153
Q

fibers in CT

A

elastic
reticular
collagenous

154
Q

Ground substance in CT (made of)

A

water and carbohydrate molecules

155
Q

cells in CT

A

macrophages
plasma cells
fibroblasts…

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (12 decks)

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