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BIOL 1103 > U1M1 p2 slides > Flashcards

U1M1 p2 slides Flashcards

Origins of Life

1
Q

Matter is composed of _______.

A

elements.

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2
Q

What is the technical definition of a cell?

A

self-replicating chemical systems that communicate with each other and the environment.

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3
Q

protons are charged ________.

A

positively

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3
Q

electrons are charged ________.

A

negatively

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3
Q

what are the subatomic particles?

A
  • protons
  • electrons
  • neutrons
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3
Q

where are protons located in an atom?

A

the nucleus, aka the core of the atom

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3
Q

How did the first life evolve?

A

four stages.

  1. The abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases
  2. The joining of these small molecules into polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
  3. The packaging of these molecules into “protocells,” droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry different from that of their surroundings.
  4. The origin of self- replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
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3
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element?

A

an atom

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4
Q

where are neutrons located in an atom?

A

the nucleus, aka the core of the atom

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4
Q

neutrons are charged __________.

A

neutrally.

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5
Q

where are electrons located in an atom?

A

in clouds surrounding the nucleus. Picture the moon orbiting the planet, electrons would be like the moon(s).

in levels called electron shells.

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5
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in an atom

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6
Q

what is the mass number of an atom?

A

number of protons + neutrons

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7
Q

different mass numbers between atoms of the same element means what?

A

different isotopes of the same element.

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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A
  • atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.
  • they have the same number of protons always, but number of neutrons changes
  • share almost the same chemical properties but differ in physical properties
  • stable isotopes do not emit raditation, unstable isotopes do emit radiation
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9
Q

what makes an isotope stable/unstable?

A

stable isotopes have equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

unstable isotopes have more neutrons than protons. This means their internal forces are unbalanced and the nucleus has an excess of internal energy.

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10
Q

What subatomic particle is involved in chemical activity?

A

electrons

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11
Q

which electron shell has the lowest energy level?

A

the innermost shell

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12
Q

which electron shell has the highest energy level?

A

the outermost shell

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13
Q

In an atom, energy is lost when …

A

an electron moves to a shell closer to the nucleus

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14
Q

In an atom, energy is absorbed when …

A

an electron moves to a shell further from the nucleus

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15
Q

reactivity in an atom arises from …

A

the presence of unpaired electrons in one or more orbitals of the valence shell

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16
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

two atoms share one or more outer-shell electrons.

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17
Q

In biology, what is the strongest kind of bond?

A

covalent bonds

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17
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge.

results in a gain or loss of electrons.

not sharing electrons, instead it’s giving/taking electrons.

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18
Q

In chemistry, what are the strongest bonds?

A

Ionic bonds

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18
Q

What are vander waals interactions?

A
18
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

when hydrogen has a slightly positive charge from being part of a stronger polar bond, a weak bond (hydrogen bond) forms between that positive ish hydrogen and the slightly negative end of another polar molecule.

19
Q

The tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons is called ________.

A

electronegativity

19
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

the tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons.

19
Q

Why are the strongest bonds different between chemistry and biology?

A

Because ionic bonds (strongest in chem) are much weaker in the presence of water. In biology, most reactions and bonds are in the presence of water, making covalent bonds the strongest.

20
Q

Some atoms have different electronegativities. Rank the four elements human bodies are mostly composed of in order of highest to lowest electronegativities.

A

O > N > C ≈ H

20
Q

What is a non polar bond?

A

when atoms have equal electronegativity

20
Q

what is a polar bond?

A

when atoms have different electronegativities, causing one side of the molecule to be more negative than the other

21
Q

What is the electronegativity like in molecules where all atoms are the same element?

A

all have the same electronegativity

22
Q

When hydrogen is part of a polar bond, it has a partial ______ charge.

A

positive

23
Q

what is the bond where there is a gain or loss of electrons?

A

ionic

24
Q

what is the bond where electrons are shared

A

covalent

25
Q

what is the bond that happens because of polarity in molecules

A

hydrogen

26
Q

what is an ion?

A

an atom or molecule with an electrical charge from gain/loss of electrons.

27
Q

what is the solvent of life? why?

A

water

the versatility from the polarity of its molecules.

28
Q

how does water dissolve a solute?

A

water molecules will surround charged solutes, with positive end of water facing negative solutes and vice versa.

29
Q

what is the more positive end of water molecules?

A

the side with the hydrogen atoms

30
Q

what is the mroe negative end of water molecules?

A

the side with the oxygen atom - opposite the hydrogen atoms

31
Q

What element is the basis of life?

A

carbon

32
Q

how many bonds can carbon form?

A

four

33
Q

what is one of the simplest organic compounds?

A

Methane (CH4)

34
Q

a carbon skeleton is a chain of carbon atoms that can vary in …

A
  • length
  • branching
  • bond position
  • presence of rings
35
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

molecules with the same atoms, except with branching is different places, different shapes.

35
Q

what are cis-trans isomers?

A

cis isomers are molecules with functional groups on the same side of the molecule. trans isomers are molecules with the functional groups on opposite sides of the molecule.

36
Q

what are enantiomers?

A

molecules that are mirror images of each other. cannot get the same molecule by rotating or repositioning in any way.

36
Q

what is this functional group called?
- OH

A

hydroxyl

37
Q

what are isomers?

A

compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

38
Q

what is this functional group called?
- COOH

   = O - C
   - OH
A

Carboxyl

38
Q

what is this functional group called?
> C = O

A

Carbonyl

39
Q

what is this functional group called?
- NH2

  - H - N
  - H
A

amino

40
Q

what is this functional group called?
- CH3

H
-
- C - H
-
H

A

Methyl

40
Q

what is this functional group called?
- SH

A

sulfhydryl

41
Q

what is this functional group called?
- OPO3 ^2-

    O
    =  - O - P - O^-
     - 
    O^-
A

Phosphate

42
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - hydroxyl

A
  • OH
43
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - carbonyl

A

> C=O

44
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - carboxyl

A
  • COOH
45
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - amino

A

-NH2

45
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - sulfhydryl

A

-SH

46
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - methyl

A
  • CH3
46
Q

What is the formula of this functional group? - phosphate

A

-OPO3 ^2-

BIOL 1103 (12 decks)

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