U1 PT Context & Practice

Question 1

CPA vs CPO

Answer 1

CPA- represents clinicians (advocate for us), association so we sign up, provide resources/education

CPO- protects the community, ensures everyone regulated is qualified, makes info known to public, looks into complaints

Question 2

What is the regulated health professions act

Answer 2

-regulated health professionals are governed by this
-there are standards of practice (14 controlled acts)
-watches out for the well being of clients, ensuring professionals are acting within their right and scope

Question 3

What is the physiotherapy act

Answer 3

-regulates us and our controlled acts
-protects our physiotherapy titles

Question 4

What are the 7 domains/roles of PT practice?

Answer 4

-Physiotherapy Expertise
-Communication
-Collaboration
-Management
-Leadership
-Scholarship
-Professionalism

Question 5

What is self regulation?

Answer 5

Self regulation is a partnership between the college and registered PTs
-they share responsibility and accountability

Question 6

What is the scope of practice for PTs?

Answer 6

Assess, diagnose, and treat the human body and conditions associated with physical function

Question 7

What are some controlled acts that requires registration and doesn’t?

Answer 7

Require
-spinal manipulation
-tracheal suctioning
-internal pelvic exams

Don’t
-communicating diagnosis

Question 8

What is motivational interviewing?

Answer 8

-communication that elicits a persons own reason for change
-goal oriented with attention to change language
(change talk to commitment talk to behavioral change)

Question 9

What are the skills needed for motivational interviewing?

Answer 9

-open ended questions
-affirmation
-reflection
-summarize and plan

Question 10

What is change talk vs sustain talk?

Answer 10

Change- I want to, I can, I have to
Sustain- expresses they aren’t ready/ won’t accept making changes

Question 11

What is evidence based practice?

Answer 11

Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

Question 12

What are the 5 criteria of the Canada Health Act?

Answer 12

-public administration
-comprehensiveness
-university
-portability
-accessibility

Question 13

What is the Canada Health Act?

Answer 13

-facilitates reasonable access to health services without financial barriers
-protects, promotes, and restores the well being of Canadians

Question 14

The federal government is responsible for…

Answer 14

-setting/administering standards for the health care system through CHA
-providing funding support for health care services
-supporting the delivery of health care to all groups

Question 15

What are some health care cost drivers?

Answer 15

-aging population
-increasing chronic disease rates
-pharmaceutical costs
-new tech
-inflation
-Covid 19

Question 16

What are Ontario Health Teams?

Answer 16

way or organizing and delivering care that is more connected to patients
-providers work as a coordinated team no matter where they provide care

Question 17

What is person centered integrated care?

Answer 17

-knowing the patient as an individual
-tailoring care to them
-continue care and build relationships
-enable them to be active participants

Question 18

What is digital first for health?

Answer 18

-improved access to secure digital tools (online health options/virtual care)

Question 19

What is Ontario health at home?

Answer 19

-responsible for home care and long term care services

Question 20

Why is measurement important?

Answer 20

-fundamental to everything we do
-no decisions are independent of some type of measurement
-better assessment measures= better diagnosis
-measure response to treatment
-provides objectivity
-key part of being scholarly practitioner

Question 21

What is measurement?

Answer 21

Assignment of numbers to constructs or traits so they can be described in consistent manner

Question 22

What is an example of a direct measurement and indirect?

Answer 22

D- height, weight, ROM, sets/reps
ID- flexibility, pain, power, strength, endurance

Question 23

What are the 2 kinds of outcome measures?

Answer 23

Patient Rated Outcome Measures
-what the patient says they can do

Physical Performance Measures
-physical testing

Question 24

Why do we use measurement in PT?

Answer 24

-to describe a health state
-to predict outcomes
-to evaluate change over time

Question 25

What are the 3 types of reliability?

Answer 25

*How consistent a measurement is

Interrater- scores are the same across multiple people

Intrarater- scores are the same when done by same person

Test retest- measure stays stable over time

Question 26

What is excellent vs poor reliability? (r)

Answer 26

excellent >0.9
poor <0.5

Question 27

What are the 4 types of validity?

Answer 27

Face Validity
-the measure appears to make sense and measure what it claims

Content Validity
-does the tool cover all aspects of the thing it claims to measure

Criterion Validity
-extent to which the measure correlates with the gold standard

Construct Validity
-when no gold standard exists, it appears to measure a particular theory/construct

Question 28

What 2 properties are used when measuring change?

Answer 28

Responsiveness
-ability to detect clinically relevant change

Sensitivity to change
-smallest amount of change you can statistically detect

Question 29

What are the different scales of measurement?

Answer 29

Nominal
-yes/no, occupation

Ordinal
-rank order (may not be consistent intervals)
-likert scales

Interval
-continuous meaningful intervals, don’t start at 0 (temp)

Ratio
-continuous and have zero

Question 30

Which part of the brain helps restore the body to a state of calm?

Answer 30

Prefrontal cortex (parasympathetic)

Question 31

Explain what focused attention is?

Answer 31

-select an anchor to purposefully direct attention

Question 32

Explain what open awareness is?

Answer 32

-expand awareness to notice internal thoughts/feelings/emotions
-self awareness/self regulation

Question 33

What is default mode network?

Answer 33

-linked to mind wandering, ruminating on future/past self
-more active when brain isn’t focused on particular task

Question 34

Explain the social construct of disability

Answer 34

-disability is seen to result from a mismatch between the person and the environment
-thinks the only way to address disability is to change the environment and society
-doesn’t acknowledge the disability being as issue, only focuses on external issues

Question 35

Explain the medical model of disability

Answer 35

-disability is viewed as an impairment in the body
-thinks the disability needs to be cured, fixed, rehabbed
-thinks the problem exists in the individual and if they want to be back in society they need to be fixed

Question 35

Explain the CDS model of disability (critical disability studies)

Answer 35

-analyzes the social, economic, political, cultural practices within society that produce certain views of disability
-challenges that differences are in need of correction
-focuses on changing the narrative and seeing those disabled as valued members of society

Question 36

Define critical reflexivity

Answer 36

-identifying what is taken for granted as true, right, or obvious
-analyzing the effects of these assumptions

Question 37

Differentiate between overt, subtle, and covert power

Answer 37

Overt
-power that one group holds over another
-those that hold it are conscious of the power they have

Subtle
-acknowledged but dismissed by those in power

Covert
-deep assumptions that are difficult to notice for some and very obvious for others
-the power and who holds it is not openly discussed

Question 38

Define implicit bias

Answer 38

-attitudes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

Question 39

Explain what ableism is

Answer 39

-systemic form of oppression
-discriminates against people labelled as disabled in favour of those who fit social norms

Question 40

What are the 5 sources of bias

Answer 40

-natural instinct
-filters (brain filters out certain things)
-culture
-upbringing
-background

Question 41

What are the categories of EPAs?

Answer 41

Thermal agents (heat cold)
Mechanical agents (water ultrasound)
Electromagnetic (laser, electric stim, UV)

Question 42

What do thermal agents do?

Answer 42

transfer energy to tissues to change temp

Question 43

What do mechanical agents do?

Answer 43

apply forces to change pressure on the body

Question 44

What do electromagnetic agents do?

Answer 44

apply energy via electromagnetic radiation or electric current

Question 45

EPA’s increase _________ and decrease _____________

Answer 45

I
-temp
-collagen extensibility
-circulation
-bone healing

D
-formation of swelling
-temp
-pain
-muscle tone

Question 46

Describe Inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phase

Answer 46

I
-acute
-cells remove debris
-heat, swelling pain

P
-3-20days
-collagen deposits in damaged tissue
-rebuild tissue (increase enzymatic rate)

M
-9days - 2 years
-resorption, remodeling of tissues
-increase strength
-improve alignment of new collagen

Question 47

What is the trifecta, that acts as the gold standard in pain management

Answer 47

Physical
Pharmacological
Psychological

Question 48

Define pain

Answer 48

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage
*perception

Question 49

Define nociception

Answer 49

neural process of encoding noxious stimuli
*sensory

Question 50

What is the 4 step process of nociception

Answer 50

Transduction
-stimulus activates sensory receptor sending danger signal to spinal cord

Transmission
-signals enter spinal cord and travel to brain

Perception
-thoughts and feelings mingle with sensory info to determine whether to produce pain

Modulation
-brain sends info down to spinal cord to modulate signals coming up
*turns up or down nociception

Question 51

What is the neuromatrix theory

Answer 51

suggests pain is modulated by multiple influences
-cognitive, sensory, affective (feelings)