Anatomy Lectures

Question 1

What are the joint axes? What plane do they associate with?

Answer 1

Mediolateral (sagittal plane)
Anteroposterior (coronal plane)
Longitudinal (transverse plane)

Question 2

Open vs Closed kinetic chain/movement

Answer 2

Open- don’t have something sticking to the ground (ex. sitting knee flexion- tibia moves off floor)

Closed- have something stuck to floor (ex. squat- femur moves, tibia is on floor)

*both are knee flexion

Question 3

Actions of a hinge joint? Pivot?

Answer 3

Flexion/extension

Rotation

Question 4

Actions of ellipsoid joint? Condyloid? Saddle?

Answer 4

Flexion/extension and adduction/abduction

Question 5

Actions of ball and socket and plane joint?

Answer 5

Rotation, Flex/ext, abd/add

forward/back translation, side to side translation, rotation

Question 6

What is the function of dense irregular CT? Dense Regular CT? Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 6

-resist tensile forces in multiple directions

-withstands tension along the fibres

-resists compression, provides support, reduces friction
(aneural and avascular)

Question 7

Explain the cyclical pumping mechanism of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 7

as the joint moves through range, you compress and release which creates a vacuum, pushing and pulling synovial fluid into the cavity supplying it
(makes up for it being avascular)

Question 8

Differentiate between capsular, extracapsular, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments

Answer 8

Capsular
-thickening of articular capsule
-allows more ROM
-ACL

Extracapsular
-holds bones in place, preventing dislocation
-patellar ligament

Intrinsic
-reinforces the joint it’s attached to
-allows more elongation before deformation

Extrinsic
-sit adjacent to the joint, don’t directly attach to the joint it supports

Question 9

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 9

31 pairs
*each named after the vertebrae it exits below

Question 10

What forms a spinal nerve?

Answer 10

a sensory and a motor nerve root
(2 nerve roots)

Question 11

What info travels the dorsal root? ventral?

Answer 11

Dorsal- sensory info (afferent)
Ventral- motor (efferent)

Question 12

How does a peripheral never form?

Answer 12

Forms by one or more spinal roots that exit the plexus (branch of nerves) and travel to an extremity

Question 13

How do plexuses act as a safety measure?

Answer 13

if one nerve gets damaged, the others step in
*weakness results rather than loss of function

Question 14

What is a myotome?

Answer 14

-muscle region that is innervated by a single nerve root (motor)
*tested with an iso hold of a muscle group linked to that nerve

Question 15

What is a dermatome?

Answer 15

-area on skin mapped out by one nerve root (sensation)

Question 16

What is the convex on concave rule?

Answer 16

-convex structure is moving (i.e., humeral head in shoulder abduction)
-whichever way the convex structure rolls, an opposite direction slide will occur
(humeral abduction, roll superior, slide inferior)

Question 17

What is the concave on convex rule?

Answer 17

-concave structure is moving (i.e., hamstring curl- knee)
-roll and slide go in same direction
(knee flexion, posterior roll and slide)

Question 18

Is actually lengthening a muscle beneficial?

Answer 18

No since muscles have an optimal length at which they can exert max force

Question 19

Muscle spindles vs GTOs

Answer 19

MS
-sensitive to changes in muscle length, speed, magnitude
-protect muscle from injury

GTOs
-detect degree of stretch on tendon by contracting muscle or passive stretch

Question 20

Increases in flexibility may be due to adaptations in ____________________________ allowing for increased stretch tolerance

Answer 20

nociceptive nerve endings