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Unit 1 Biology > U1 - Cell cycle > Flashcards

U1 - Cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two phases in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and miotic phase

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2
Q

What does Interphase involve?

A

Inter phase consists of growth and DNA replication.

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3
Q

What are the three phases of interphase and what happens during them

A

G1 consists of growth to ready for DNA replication.
S consists of DNA replication
G2 consists of growth phase to ready for Mitosis

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4
Q

What are the two stages in the Miotic phase

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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5
Q

What is mitosis

A

Mitosis is the seperation of chromosomal material by the spindle microtubules

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6
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Is the seperation of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telaphase (PMAT)

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8
Q

What happens to the DNA during Prophase to prepare it for seperation

A

The DNA condenses into chromosomes each consisting of two sister chromatids

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9
Q

What happens to the nuclear membrane during Propphase?

A

The nuclear membrane breaks down.

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10
Q

Where do the microtubules come from and how (during prophase)

A

The spindle fibres extend from the MTOC by polymerisation

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11
Q

Where do the microtubules attach to

A

the chromosomes kinetichores in the centronome.

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12
Q

Summarise Prophase

A

DNA condeses into chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids

  • The nulear membrane breaks down
  • Spindle microtubules extend from the MTOC by polymerisation
  • They attach to vhromoses via their kinetichores and in the centronome.
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13
Q

Summarise Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (equator)

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14
Q

Summarise Anaphase

A

The spindle fibres shorten by depolymeristaion, sister chromatids are seperated and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

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15
Q

Summarise Telaphase

A

The chromosomes condense and nuclear membranes are formed around them .

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16
Q

What controls the cell cycle

A

Checkpoints

17
Q

What are checkpoints

A

Mechanisms within a cell that assess the condition of the cell and halt progression to the next phase until certain requiremens are met

18
Q

What proteins regultate the cell cycle

A

Cyclin proteins that accumulate during cell growth regulate.

19
Q

What does Cyclin combine with

A

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK’s)

20
Q

What does Active CDK’s do?

A

They phosphorylate proteins that regulate progression through the cycle. If sufficent phosphorylation is reached progression occurs.

21
Q

What protien is involved in the G1 checkpoint?

A

Retinablastoma (Rb)

22
Q

In what stages do checkpoints occur?

A

End of G1
Start of G2
Metaphase

23
Q

What happens at the G1 checkpoint

A

Rb acts as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting the transcription of genes that code for proteins needed for DNA replication. Phosphorylation by cyclin-CDK inhibits the Rb and progression occurs.

24
Q

What does retinablastioma do

A

It acts as a tumour supressor by inhibiting the transcription of genes that code for proteins needed for DNA replication.

25
Q

What happens at the G2 checkpoint

A

The success of DNA replication and any damage to DNA is assessed.

26
Q

What happens if the DNA is damaged at the G2 checkpoint?

A

The DNA damage triggers the activation of several proteins including p53 that can stimulate DNA repair, arrest the cell cycle or cause cell death.

27
Q

What does phosphorylation of Rb by cyclin - CDK allow

A

It inhibits the Rb so allows the transciption of the gene that code for protein needed for DNA replication. Therefore, can progress from G1 to S.

28
Q

What happens at the Metaphase checkpoint?

A

Progression is halted until all chromosomes are aligned correctly on the metaphase plate. Allows progression from Metaphase to Anaphase.

29
Q

Degenerative disease is caused by…

A

An uncontrolled reduction in the rate of the cell cycle

30
Q

Tumour formation is the result of…

A

An uncontrolled increase in the rate of the cell cycle.

31
Q

What is a proto-oncogene

A

Usually involved in the control of cell growh or division, which can mutate to form a tumour- promoting oncogene.

Unit 1 Biology (15 decks)

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