u1: carbohydrates Flashcards
what do brains require to work
- simple sugars
- NOT lipids
what are macromolecules
- large molecules with complex structures
- most r polymers
polymers vs monomers
- polymers: chains/repeating units composed of smaller molecules held by covalent bonds
- monomers: smaller molecules tht make up polymers
what are the 4 main macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
characteristics of carbohydrates
- always contain C, H, and O
- have lots of hydroxyl (OH) and some carbonyl (C=O): thus polar and dissolve in water
general formula of carbohydrate
C(n)H(2)O(n)
function of carbohydrates
provide energy upon digestion
examples of monosaccharides
- glucose, galactose, fructose
- all isomers of each other
- C(6)H(12)O(6)
what does monosaccharide mean? (terminology)
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
isomer
same molecular formula but diff structure
how do alpha and beta links occur?
- hydroxyl group on carbon 1 can be formed on top or bottom when glucose is formed in photosynthesis
- glucose is a linear molecule, but when it becomes a ring, the OH can be top or bottom
what is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond called a glycosidic linkage
types of dissaccharides
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
Glucose + Fructose 🡪
Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose 🡪
Lactose
Glucose + Glucose 🡪
Maltose
dehydration synthesis of a disaccharide (glucose+glucose)
- dehydration synthesis of two glucose molecules causes formation of maltose
- C-O-C bond formed is called a glycosidic bond
polysaccharide
many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages
examples of polysaccharides
- starch (amylose) is digested by amylase (enzyme)
- cellulose (gives structure to plants/adds fibre to diet)
- glycogen
glycogen
- energy storage polysaccharide produced by animals
- liver cells synthesize glycogen after eating to maintain blood glucose levels and store excess glucose
example of a carbohydrate
chitin
describe starch hydrolysis
- digestion of starch begin w/ hydrolysis of glycosidic bond
- amylase is the enzyme
- prod’t is maltose
