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Typologies Flashcards

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1
Q

Who defines a church and a sect

A

Troeltsch 1931

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2
Q

Outline key features of a church

A 
Large organisations
Born in to it 
Ideologically conservative - support those in power
Tied to state 
Important social functions
Hierarchy 
Preserve monopoly
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3
Q

What is an example of a Church being tied to a state

A

Church of England connected to state/Queen

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4
Q

Evaluation of a church

A

Many do not have majority population as active members
Not always connected to the state
Not always ideologically conservative

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5
Q

What is an example of a church not always being connected to the state

A

Liberation theology

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6
Q

What is an example of the church not always being ideologically conservative

A

Davie - number of radical bishops standing up for the poor

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7
Q

Who defined denominations

A

Niebuhr

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8
Q

Outline Niebuhrs denomination

A 
Formal organisations - hierarchy
Inclusive 
Conservative generally accepting norms and values of society
Not connected to state
Do not claim monopoly
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9
Q

What is an example of a denomination group opposing being conservative

A

Methodists - differ by discouraging drinking and gambling

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10
Q

Who defines what a sect is

A

Troelstch

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11
Q

Outline a sect

A 
Polar opposites of churches
Small organisations
Not connected to state 
Regarded with hostility and suspicion
Withdraw from wider world
Charismatic leader
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12
Q

Evaluation of sects

A

Bruce: churches and sects drift to denomination

Aldridge some groups ambiguous positions: Mormons

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13
Q

What is an example of a sect drifting towards a denomination

A

Jehovahs witnesses

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14
Q

What is an example of a sect with an ambiguous position

A

Mormons
USA = denomination
UK = sect

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15
Q

Outline cults

A 
Relatively small
Usually dont involve a God(s)
Tolerate and accept others
Lack clear rules
'Buy in to services' 
Do not require commitment
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16
Q

What is Bruce’s definition of a cult

A

Loose knit group
Lacking any sharp definition
Or exclusive belief system

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17
Q

What is Stark and Bainbridge’s view on cults

A

They can be subdivided
Audience cults
Client cults
Cultic movements

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18
Q

What are audience cults

A

Little commitment from followers

Little more entertainment

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19
Q

Example of an audience cult

A

Scientology

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20
Q

What are client cults

A

Offer services to followers, seen as customers

Way enhancing life rather than alternative lifestyle

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21
Q

What are cultic movements

A

Members expected to give up aspects of their life
E.g. Live in commune
Offer complete spiritual package

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22
Q

Example of a cultic movement

A

Heavens gate

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23
Q

Evaluation of Stark and Bainbridge

A

Argue typologies do not adequately categorise religions because boundaries not clear cut
But own typology be criticised for own thing???

24
Q

Who researched in to New Religious Movements

A

Wallis

25
Q

What are the 3 types of NRMs

A

World Rejecting
World Accommodating
World Affirming

26
Q

What typology are World Rejecting NRMs similar to

A

Sects

27
Q

Example if world rejecting NRMs

A

Peoples Temple

Moonies

28
Q

What typology are world accommodating NRMs similar to

A

Denomination

29
Q

Example of a World Accommodating NRM

A

Neo-Pentecostalism

30
Q

What typology is a World Affirming NRM similar to

A

Cults

31
Q

Example of a world affirming NRM

A

Scientology

32
Q

Reasons for growth in sects and cults

A 
Practical 
Secularisation
Post Modernity
Globalisation
Social Deprivation
Status Frustration 
Relative Deprivation
Social Change
Protests
33
Q

What are the practical reasons for appeal of growth of sects and cults

A

Appeal affluent, successful m.c. who find something missing in their lives
Groups claim offer knowledge,techniques and therapies enable unlock spiritual powers

34
Q

Who argues growth of sects and cults is pragmatic reasoning

A

Heelas

35
Q

How does Becker support practical reasons for growth in sects and cults

A

Becker: turn to sects to escape

E.G. Moonies offer substitute families

36
Q

How does Giddens argue secularisation lead to growth in sects and cults

A

People feel traditional religion watered down due to secularisation = find comfort and ‘greater sense community in smaller, less impersonal NRMs’

37
Q

How does Bruce argue secularisation lead to growth in sects and cults

A

Attraction lies in techniques they offer
Bring spiritual dimensions
Attract those turned off by mainstream religion
Provide refuge

38
Q

What is Post Modernity’s main concept in reasons fir growth in sects and cults

A

Filling vacuum of meaning

39
Q

Why does Post Modernity argue growth in sects and cults

A

Filling vacuum of meaning
Heelas: new source meaning and purpose
Bauman: crisis of meaning - want to be somebody
Identity formation - meet personal needs and lifestyle choices

40
Q

How does globalisation lead to growth sects and cults

A

‘Media saturated society’
Pick and choose beliefs from across the world
Communicate larger nos than ever
Media/Internet raised visibility and profile

41
Q

How does social deprivation according to Weber lead to a growth in sects and cults

A

Weber: provide theodicy of disprivilege = religious explanation and justification for marginalisation

42
Q

How does social deprivation according to Stark and Bainbridge lead to a growth in sects and cults

A

Stark and Bainbridge: act as a compensator deal with marginalisation. Secularisation mainstream means they are less able to do this role.
Sects = close-knit groups similar positions = sense of security

43
Q

How does status frustration lead to a growth in sects and cults

A

Wallis:

Support for identity and status independent of school or family

44
Q

How does relative deprivation cause a growth in sects and cults

A

Stark and Bainbridge: subjective feeling of lacking something = could be sense spiritual or emotional inadequacy = sects overcome this

45
Q

How does social change lead growth of sects

A

Wilson: rapid/sudden change lead to sects = people feel anomie. Provide solutions in uncertainty
Providing new and clearly defined belief systems, supportive groups
Certainty in uncertain world

46
Q

How do protests lead to growth in sects and cults

A

Glock and Stark
Appeal those opposing existing society or other religious groups
Growth in 60s reflecting disillusionment and protest of society

47
Q

Why are cults and sects short lived

A

Neibuhr: die out, become denominations, fail to recruit, charismatic leader dies, whole group dies, becomes more structured/bureaucratic

48
Q

What is an example of a sect where the whole group dies

A

Peoples Temple

49
Q

Why does Wilson argue it depends if sects and cults are short lived or not

A

Depends if Adventist or Conversationist - how they answer the question how will i be saved
Concedes that rising standards education, increased media, globalisation difficult to remain isolated

50
Q

What is Wallis’ argument for the future of sects/cults

A

Depends on internal ideology

World affirming? Rejecting? Accommodating?

51
Q

What is Yingers argument on the future of sects and cults

A

Isnt just a choice of dying out or becoming a denomination, they may become a long established sect e.g. Amish

52
Q

What is Stark and Bainbridge’s 5 concepts for the future of sects and cults

A

Schism - less privileged, isolated, want to break away
Initial Fervour - new leader, world rejecting
Becomes More Respectable - 2nd generation adopt beliefs
Established and Acceptable
New Schism

53
Q

Characteristics of New Age Movements

A 
Post 1980
Not organised same as traditional: independent of organisation and spread through culture 
Exist in holistic milieu 
Individualistic 
God/Goddess within
54
Q

Key themes of New Age Movements

A

Spirituality - God/Goddess within
Detraditionalistion - reject authority church more moral views
Expressive Individualism - world rejecting
Utilitarian Individualism

55
Q

What are the beliefs of a NAM

A

Emphasis on self and self within
Everything is connected: holistic
Self is final authority: base things personal experience
Global Cafeteria: experiences/beliefs
Therapy: make you more successful/healthier/happier

56
Q

Why have NAM grown

A 
Post modernity 
Reaction against rationalism
Individualism
Consumer culture
Globalisation
Religious pluralism/social fragmentation 
Looking for meaning (Bauman)

Religion (11 decks)

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