Social Compostion

Question 1

In general are ethnic minorities more religious?

Answer 1

Yes - particularly Muslims
Muslims 74%
Hindus/Sikhs 45%

Question 2

Why does Bruce argue religion is more important to ethnic minorities

Answer 2

Cultural defence

Cultural transition

Question 3

What does Bruce mean by cultural defence

Answer 3

Reinforces ethnic identity, and divisions

E.G. Northern Ireland

Question 4

What does Bruce mean by cultural transition

Answer 4

Religion serves to support, strengthen and integrate a community

Question 5

What is an evaluation of Bruce

Answer 5

Brown:

Even if initially for ethnic identity, does lead to religious revival

Question 6

Why does Davie argue ethnic minorities more religious

Answer 6

Religion serves to integrate ethnic community in face of hostility/racism/prejudices/ from majority culture

Question 7

Who do functionalists argue ethnic minorities more religious

Answer 7

Social solidarity

Question 8

Why do SAT argue thenic minorities more religious

Answer 8

Provides a Sacred Canopy: protects community and provides a shared universe of meaning, offering plausibility structure to help understand their experiences

Question 9

Why does Johal argue ethnic minorities more religious

Answer 9

Young, British Asians are sophisticated code switchers and have a form of cultural hybridist

Question 10

Why does Watson argue ethnic minorities more religious

Answer 10

Veiling liberating

Question 11

How does Norris and Ingleharts Existential Security Theory explain why ethnic minorities more likely to turn to religion

Answer 11

Insecure = minority, looked down on by the majority, face high levels intra/inter ethnic violence, police racism

Question 12

Why does Modood argue the 2nd/3rd generation potential sources of conflict

Answer 12

Modood: 2nd generation less religious, integration becomes less important

Question 13

Why does Chrysiddes argue the 2nd/3rd generation potential sources of conflict

Answer 13

3 possible paths:
Apostasy - give up religion to fit in
Accommodation - practice religion but more westernised (code switchers)
Renewed Vigour - young British Muslims mag worship more - hyper ethnicity (empowerment from difference)

Question 14

Why does Mizra argue the 2nd/3rd generation potential sources of conflict

Answer 14

Blames foreign policy, multicultural policies, decline traditional sources identity

Question 15

How can conflicts occur within host communities (ethnicity)

Answer 15

Schools
Rights
Celebrations
Food - halal and kosher

Question 16

How can conflicts occur within a community (ethnicity)

Answer 16

Liberals vs Fundamentalists

Question 17

How can conflicts occur globally (ethnicity)

Answer 17

Casanova: role of religion in global conflict

Question 18

What age group is more likely to go to church

Answer 18

Under 15s more likely to go to church as made to do so by parents

Question 19

Why are old people more likely to be religious

Answer 19

Socially isolated: religion gives form support
Closer to death
Religious socialisation

Question 20

What are exceptions of the elderly going to church

Answer 20

Over 65s illness/disability may mean not able to attend church

Question 21

Why are young people less likely to be religious

Answer 21

Disengagement
Flight from deference 
Religious pluralism
Spiritual shopping
Rise religious surrogates
Lack religious education role mass media/peer group
Pragmatic reasons - havent got the time

Question 22

How does the features of a Church affect social class membership

Answer 22

Aspires to include all classes, however, contemporary Britain, upper class and upper m.c. overrepresented because association with establishment and generally conservative ideology

Question 23

How does the features of a Denomination affect social class membership

Answer 23

Slightly anti-establishment, broken away from religious mainstream. Wallis: still respectable organisations tend not to attract lowest classes. Appeal to upper w.c. and lower m.c.

Question 24

How does the features of a Sect affect social class membership

Answer 24

Traditionally recruited disadvantaged, require members to give up previous life = those lots to lose less likely to join. Give deprived a way of coping. Wallis: 60/70s began to appeal to relatively deprived

Question 25

How does the features of a Cults affect social class membership

Answer 25

Client Cult: appeal to already successful and affluent who want to be more successful
Other cults similar to sects and attract disadvantaged

Question 26

How does the features of a NAM affect social class membership

Answer 26

Heelas: tend appeal m.c.
Bruce: appeals to those in expressive professions e.g. Media, teaching, and counselling. Linked human potential movement