Typical Development Flashcards
what week are lungs developed
36
list gestation divisions:
first: 1-12 weeks
second: 13-26 years
third trimester: 27-40
first 8 weeks is (embryo/fetus)
embryo
8 weeks until birth (40 wks full gestation) is
fetus
common detrimental environmental influences include
STORCH, tobacco, smoke, alcohol, caffein, drugs
STORCH stands for?
syphilis
toxoplasmosis
other infections (HIV, Coxsackievirus, varicella zoster)
rubella
CMV
Herpes simplex
3 things the child development depends on?
nervous system maturation
genetics
environment
directional development
cephalo-caudal
proximal-distal
gross motor-fine motor
what do newborns need to do? what do newborns look like?
breathe
suck and swallow
what test is performed by delivering medical team to assess the infant?
Apgar score
(appearance, pulse, grimmace, activity, respiration)
higher score (out of 10), better
fetal development
premature
extreme premature
38-42 weeks
37 weeks or less
28 weeks or less
T/F ribs are kyphotic and vertical on newborns
false (kyphotic, horizontal)
ROM differences in newborn
excessive DF
30 degree flxion contractures at hips and knees
dominated by physiological flexion and lack of antigravity muscle control
newborn: prone
UE: flexion, hands fisted
LE: high position pelvis
head: turned to one side
newborn: supine
LE: abduction, external rotation
UE flexion
head still turned to one side b/c no anti-gravity neck flexion yet and unable to hold at midline
T/F it’s normal to see a head lag in a newborn
True (but bad if baby is 4 months old)
newborn: flexion throughout c-spine curve and hips
can a newborn sit upright?
NO
head will be forward and head bobbing
because there are sill no anti-gravity extension muscles.
c-curve with flexion throughout spine
newborn’s vision: easiest to fixate on a moving object in which 2 directions?
laterally and vertically
newborn vision:
prefer what type of contrast? how many inches away?
HIGH contrast
8-9 inches away
flexor withdrawal reflex
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 1-2 months of age
- noxious stimulus ot sole of foot
- flexion withdrawal of leg
Crossed extension reflex
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
28 weeks gestation
1-2 months of age approx.
noxious stim of the foot
flexion of stimulated leg and then **extension of opposite leg with adduction **
positive support/primary standing reflex
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
appears 35 weeks gestation
integrates 1-2 months
stimulus: hold the baby under arms and support the head, touch his feet to a flat surface. He will extend his legs for 20-30 seoconds and bear a little weight, then collapses into seated position.
support and stepping/automatic walking
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 37 weeks gestation
- 3-4 months
- stimulus is pressure at the plantar aspect of foot
- infant will lift one foot then the other, as if taking steps
re-appears at 10-15 months in preparation for walking (steppage gait)
rooting
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 3 months
- supine, stroke cheeck, baby roots (turns head and lips) toward stimulus
sucking relfex
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 3 months
- supine, bottle or knuckler, baby sucks symmetrically and strong
suck-swallow
appears
integrates
rhythmic excursion of jaw
apears: 28-34 weeks
integrates (become voluntary) at 5 months
moro reflex
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 3-5 months, disappear around 3 months (3-5)
- sudden change in head position (extension) in relation to the trunk
- crying, shoulder flexion/abduciton and elbow extension
- followed by shoulder extension, adduction and flexion of the elbow
ATNR
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 20 weeks gestation
- 4-5 months
- in supine, head rotation elicits:
- chin side arm extension, leg extension; and skull side arm flexion and leg flexion
palmar grasp
appears
integrates
stim
response
- 28 weeks of gestation or as young as 25
- 4-7 months
- supine, PT strokes palm of infant
- 2 response: finger flexion to enclose the object (finger closure); then pressure applied to the palm produces traction on the fingers’ tendons leading ot the clinging action
weak palmar grast before six months could mean
peripheral nerve, root injury, plexus, or spinal cord.
persistence of the palmar grasp reflex beyong 7 months is present in children with
spastic cerebral palsy
palmar grasp reflex can reappear in adulthood, indicating?
cortical lesion affecting medial/lateral frontal cortex
(ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke)
Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)
appears
integrated
stimulus
response
- at birth
- by 6 months
- prone: flexion tone; supine: extension tone
if it’s not integrated it will affect function
although tonic labyrinthine reflex is present at birth, it’s best seen at?
3 months
symmetrical tonic neck reflex
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
- 4-6 months
- 8-12 months
- head flexion: arm flex, hip extend
- head extension: arm extend, hip flex
plantar grasp reflex
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 9 months of age
- pressure to sole of foot distal to the met heads or supported standing
- response: flexion of toes
galant
appears
integrates
stimulus
response
- 28 weeks gestation
- 3-6 months.. 4-6 months.. SHOULD DISSAPEAR BY 9 MONTHS. retenton beyond this point result in probelms like fidgeting and inability to sit still.
- supported prone (ventral suspension) stroke one side of infants lateral trunk or paraspinals
- trunk laterally flex toward the stimulus
at one month
reduced effects of physiologic flexion as extension develops
one month: prone:
less UE flexion and hip flexion
more anterior tilt
HEAD: able to lift head momentarily (more active neck extension)
