Typical And Atypical Development Flashcards
Suicidality
from thoughts to behaviours, can be current (now) or lifetime (any point in your life)
•‘Ended their life’, ‘died by suicide’, ‘attempted suicide’ preferred to ‘unsuccessful suicide’, ‘commit suicide’, ‘completed suicide’
To be diagnosed-
- needs to be causing distress
- Meet set criteria in DSM-V
- Clinical judgment
Co-occurring conditions such as autism could effect liklihood of experiencing many of these factors
Environment
Societal
Biological
Psychological
Environmental factors
•Stress •Bereavement Finances Bullying Unemployment
Societal Factors
•Attitudes
•Stigma
Policy - service provision
Poverty
Biological factors
Genetic - predisposition (family history)
Brain structure and function
Psychological
Thinking style
Coping strategies
Resilience
Autism mental health problems
Socialisation/communication
Sensory
Imagination
Narrow Interests
Imagination
Difficulty putting ur self in another’s shoes
Sensory
Difficulty coping with strong smells, noise, lighting, texture and touch.
Socialisation / communication
Difficulties forming stable long lasting relationships, holding a two way conversation, reciprocal social interaction.
Narrow interests
Unusual narrow circumscribed interests which interfere with carrying out day to day activities, and cause distress when interrupted.
May include ritualised behaviours (e.g. having to do things in a certain way or order), and be repetitive.
Mental health difficulties described in Kanners first clinical reports in 1943:
–Fear and anxiety around objects and events
–Depression also noted
- “Insistence on Sameness” part of current diagnostic criteria, and anxiety commonly seen
- Recently been explored among other conditions to improve diagnosis and treatment
Life experiences in Autism
Diagnosis
- ~5 years for classic autism (Howlin and Asgharian, 1999) vs. ~11 years or even adulthood for AS (e.g. Jones et al., 2014; Powell, 2002)
- Lack of support post diagnosis for children and adults (Crane et al. 2015)
Life experiences in Autism
Shtayermman, 2007; 2008
Bullying and peer victimisation
Transition to adulthood:
•Lack of support services (Pilling et al. 2012)
•Health and social difficulties (Balfe and Tantam, 2010)
•Poor quality of life, low occupational achievement (Howlin et al. 2013)
•Social exclusion and isolation (Howlin 2000; Baron-Cohen, 2008)
Associated with poor mental health in the general population – what about autism?
Autistic people have difficulty recognising others
emotions, interpreting and predicting others behaviour, and responding appropriately
Sheppard et al. 2017
autistic people may be less
readable by non-autistic people
Sasson et al 2017
Could contribute to
social exclusion
This could result in a ‘Double Empathy Problem’
Autistic people more likely to experience:
–social isolation
–Loneliness
–Those with high autistic traits more likely to experience thwarted belongingness
Heldey et al. 2018; Pelton and Cassidy, 2017) autism
Associated with
Associated with depression and self-harm
Research yet to explore direct impact of double empathy on mental health in ASD …
Camouflaging’ autism to cope in social situations
–Argued to be more common in autistic women, and contribute to under / misdiagnosis of this group –Reported to take a toll on mental health –Loss of identify –Exhausting –But helps to fit in NT society
Mental Health Conditions
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Borderline Personality Disorder
Depression prevalence
UK population
23% of the UK population experience a mental health problem, with depression the most common