typical and atypical development

Question 1

typical development definition

Answer 1

when a childs behaviours, skills or abilities fall within the expected range of development, or progress at a similar pace compared to peers of the same age.

Question 2

typical behaviour definition

Answer 2

patterns or behaviours that are expected of an individual or that conform to standards of what is acceptable for a given situation

Question 3

atypical development definition

Answer 3

when behaviours, skills or abilities fall outside the expected range of development or progress at a different pace compared to similar-aged peers.

Question 4

atypical behvaiour definition

Answer 4

patterns of behaviours that are not expected for an individual or that deviate from the norm and can be harmful or distressing for the individual and those around them.

Question 5

atypical behaviour tends to:

Answer 5

• violate what society feels is appropriate
• can include a wide range of behaviours, from excessive violence to aggression

Question 6

define psychological criteria

Answer 6

standards against which a judgement can be made about a persons behaviours and abilities

Question 7

list the 5 criteria for categorizing atypical and typical behavior

Answer 7

1. Cultural perspectives
2. Social norms
3. Statistic rarity
4. Personal distress
5. Maladaptive behaviour

Question 8

define cultural perspective

Answer 8

involves cultural norms or standards to determine whether behaviors are typical or atypical. The influence of society and community on ones thoughts.

Question 9

define social norms

Answer 9

societies unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individuals should act. Shared standards or social beliefs about what is normal or atypical behaviours.

Question 10

what norms can be identified under social norms

Answer 10

1. Informal understanding: such as the expectation that you should turn around to face the door in an elevator.
2. Formal: rules and laws, like wearing a seatbelt when driving

Question 11

norms generally function….

Answer 11

function to provide order and predictability in society

Question 12

define statistical rarity

Answer 12

something/ a behaviour that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant.

Question 13

define personal distress

Answer 13

an aversive and often self-orientated emotional reaction that is inconsistent with how the individual usually behaves. If the behaviour causes personal distress to the individual concerned then it would be considered atypical.

Question 14

define maladaptive behaviour

Answer 14

A behaviour that is unhelpful, dysfunctional and non productive, and that interferes with a persons ability to adjust to their environment appropriately and effectively.

Question 15

Normality definition

Answer 15

patterns of behaviour that are typical and expected to conform to standards of what is acceptable. ‘Normal’ behaviors for an individual are consistent with that individuals usual way of living.

Question 16

neurotypicality definition

Answer 16

a term used to describe individuals who display neurological and cognitive functioning that is typical or expected.

Question 17

abnormality definition

Answer 17

The state of deviating from the norm, usually in a way that is undesirable.

Question 18

Neurodiversity definition

Answer 18

the idea that every human has a unique nervous system with a different combination of abilities and needs. Variations in neurological development and functioning within and between groups of people, such as those experienced by people with autism.

Question 19

adaptive definition

Answer 19

describes emotions, behaviours and cognitions that enable us to adjust to our environment appropriately and cope most effectively.

Question 20

maladaptive emotions definition

Answer 20

very intense and/or overwhelming emotions that occur frequently, persist for extended periods of time without interruption or are inappropriate for the situation.

Question 21

define cognition

Answer 21

cognitive processes or mental actions that involve acquiring, processing and understanding information or knowledge.

Question 22

define adaptive cognition

Answer 22

ways of thinking that benefit survival and wellbeing

Question 23

define maladaptive cognition

Answer 23

Lacking awareness and knowledge, which makes it difficult to adjust to different environments and situations.

Question 24

define maladaptive behaviours

Answer 24

activites that hinder ones ability to meet the changing demands of everyday life

Question 25

define autism spectrum disorder

Answer 25

a condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, interacts with others, and experiences their environment. It is a lifelong disability that starts when a person is born and stays with them until onld age.

Question 26

list the 5 signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder

Answer 26

1. Poor communication and social cues
2. Lacks the ability to understand emotional and social cues
3. Poor non-verbal communication skills
4. Struggles to form and maintain relationships
5. Impaired theory of mind

Question 27

define theory of mind

Answer 27

a cognitive ability that allows use to make judgements about other peoples mental states.

Question 28

define attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 28

marked by an ongoing pattern of innatention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

Question 29

what are the three patterns associated with ADHD?

Answer 29

1. Inattention
2. Hyperactivity
3. Impulsivity

Question 30

inattention definition

Answer 30

means a person may have difficulty staying on task, sustaining focus and staying organised

Question 31

hyperactivity definition

Answer 31

means a person may seem to move about constantly, including in situations when it is no appropriate, or excessively fidgets, taps or talks.

Question 32

impulsivity definition

Answer 32

means a person may act without thinking or have difficulty with self-control.

Question 33

what are the four signs and symptoms of inactivity, impulsivity and/or inattention

Answer 33

1. Need to be excessive for the developmental age of the individual
2. Need to be present before the age of 12
3. Must have persisted for longer than 6 months
4. Must contribute to impairment across multiple settings

Question 34

what are the four cognitive variations associated with ADHD

Answer 34

1. Executive function
2. Working memory
3. Arousal and alertness
4. Time estimation

Question 35

define executive function

Answer 35

individuals with ADHD have deficits in executive function. This includes organizing, prioritizing and activating tasks; focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks.

Question 36

define working memory

Answer 36

working memory allows us to process incoming sensory information. People with ADHD have difficulty dealing with visual and spatial information and/or processing auditory information.

Question 37

define arousal and alertness

Answer 37

alertness is the ability to be vigilant and to sustain focus. Children with ADHD tend to be under-alert or have problems with alertness. For example, individuals with ADHD are more likely to respond quickly and carelessly to tasks.

Question 38

define time estimation

Answer 38

individuals with ADHD show variations in how they estimate time. Specifically, individuals with ADHD ten to overestimate even very short time intervals.