Typesetting

Question 1

character spacing

Answer 1

derives from width of a type character: width of actual character, including spaces before/after it (sidebearings: the white areas that are needed for setting or for fitting the words together in a text)

Question 2

width values

Answer 2

set width is determined by the width of the character and the distance between the letters.

Question 3

spacing

Answer 3

increasing the distance between words or letters. should be consistent in continuous text.

Question 4

line spacing

Answer 4

the distance between the individual lines of type, measured from line of type to line of type. also leading (in hot metal printing when “leads” or “gutters” were placed between set lines as “blind material”, thus determining size of leading). TIP: white space between lines should be about 1.5x the x-height of the typeface used (a little less for headings)

Question 5

solid setting

Answer 5

when the distance between the lines is identical with the type size (type size is 12pt, distance between lines is 12pt)

Question 6

leaded setting

Answer 6

when the distance between the lines is greater than the type size

Question 7

setting alignment

Answer 7

the horizontal positioning of a text within a restricted space (flush left, flush right, centered, justified (all lines are the same width, inevitably be different spacing between words))

Question 8

ragged setting

Answer 8

the distances between words are the same for all lines. creates calm internal structure. lines differ in length.

Question 9

grey value

Answer 9

created by optical inertia: only individual characters appear to be black. the white of the gaps mixes with black area of letter to make grey.

Question 10

accentuation

Answer 10

emphasis of individual or several words, or whole passages of text (italics, small capitals, bold, larger type, different font, etc.)

Question 11

oblique

Answer 11

a computer-generated, slanted version of the straight type cut without the typical character of handwriting (vs italics: genuine italics script)

Question 12

small capitals

Answer 12

smaller uppercase letters, at the optical height of the x-heights.

Question 13

initials

Answer 13

(initial letters, illuminated letters, decorated majuscules) letters that are decorated to enhance their character. beginning of chapter/paragraph, larger than basic text.

Question 14

omission marks (ellipses)

Answer 14

if a word is not written out in full, missing part replaced by three points without space from rest of word. if whole words are left out, omission marks separated with spaces on each side

Question 15

opening and closing inverted commas

Answer 15

quotation marks

Question 16

guillemet

Answer 16

a pair of punctuation marks in the form of sideways double chevrons, « and », used as quotation marks in a number of languages. not conventionally used in the English language.

Question 17

apostrophe

Answer 17

attached to the word without a space. the subsequent word spacing is shortened (avoid using inch sign as a mistake)

Question 18

hyphen

Answer 18

used only for word divisions, for combining words, or when parts of a word omitted.

Question 19

dash

Answer 19

used with full space before and after

Question 20

mathematical signs

Answer 20

separated from numeral with small space

Question 21

table numerals

Answer 21

of uniform width, used when columns/figures have to be arranged one below the other as in a table setting

Question 22

footnote symbols

Answer 22

set with small gap between them and text

Question 23

slash

Answer 23

centered between two small spaces

Question 24

empty space (blank)

Answer 24

used for the gaps between words in a continuous text. available in 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 widths.

Question 25

type area

Answer 25

the area occupied by continuous text on a double page (running head and footnotes included in fixing type area, but page numbers/marginalia are not)

Question 26

margins/gutter

Answer 26

on a double page, the outer margins are usually wider than the inner edges (gutter), because the gutter is mirrored visually when double page is opened and thus doubled

Question 27

folio head

Answer 27

the typographical term for the page number or chapter number (for a page number in isolation)

Question 28

running head

Answer 28

page/chapter number with text added about author, keywords, etc

Question 29

type area technical terms

Answer 29

outer margins, gutter, footer, header, column title, page number, marginalia

Question 30

headings

Answer 30

stand out from rest of text. can be replaced by single word set differently at the beginning of paragraph (set with visible gap between it and following text)

Question 31

pilcrow

Answer 31

in early printing, used to signal a paragraph (rather than indent)

Question 32

“widows” / “orphans”

Answer 32

individual words or small groups of words separated from rest of paragraph by page break. widows first line , orphans end of paragraph. should be avoided.