TYPES WEEK 2

Question 1

Description: Programming languages that use a type system to interpret bit streams in memory.

Answer 1

Title: Typed Programming Languages

Question 2

Description: A typed programming language that uses types to define how to store values in memory and which operations are allowed on those values.

Answer 2

Title: C Language

Question 3

Description: Rules that define how to store values in memory and which operations are admissible on those values.

Answer 3

Title: Types

Question 4

Description: The four most common types in C for performing arithmetic calculations: char, int, float, and double.

Answer 4

Title: Arithmetic Types in C

Question 5

Description: Occupies one byte and can store a small integer value, a single character, or a single symbol.

Answer 5

Title: Char Type

Question 6

Description: Occupies one word and can store an integer value. In a 32-bit environment, an int occupies 4 bytes.

Answer 6

Title: Int Type

Question 7

Description: Typically occupies 4 bytes and can store a single-precision, floating-point number.

Answer 7

Title: Float Type

Question 8

Description: Typically occupies 8 bytes and can store a double-precision, floating-point number.

Answer 8

Title: Double Type

Question 9

Description: Adjust the size of the int type. Three specifiers: short, long, long long.

Answer 9

Title: Size Specifiers for Int Type

Question 10

Description: Keyword used to qualify a type as holding a constant value. A const-qualified type is unmodifiable.

Answer 10

Title: Const Qualifier

Question 11

Description: Char and int types are stored in equivalent binary form.

Answer 11

Title: Integral Types

Question 12

Description: Float and double types are used to represent floating-point data.

Answer 12

Title: Floating-Point Types

Question 13

Description: Hardware manufacturers represent integral and floating-point data differently.

Answer 13

Title: Representing Values

Question 14

Description: C stores characters and symbols in char types. The host platform provides a collating sequence for associating each character and symbol with a unique integer value.

Answer 14

Title: Characters and Symbols

Question 15

Description: ASCII and EBCDIC are two popular collating sequences that are not compatible with each other. The Unicode standard provides a much more comprehensive collating system that is compatible with ASCII.

Answer 15

Title: Collating Sequences

Question 16

Description: Provides information on how to convert between decimal and binary representation.

Answer 16

Title: Appendix on Data Conversions

Question 17

Definition: There are three schemes for storing negative integers - 2’s complement notation (most popular), 1’s complement notation, and sign magnitude notation. All three represent non-negative values identically. To obtain the 2’s complement of an integer, flip the bits and add one.

Answer 17

Term: Negative Values (Optional)

Question 18

Definition: Floating-point types store tiny as well as huge values by decomposing the values into three distinct components - a sign, an exponent, and a significand. The most popular model is the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Standard 754 for Binary and Floating-Point Arithmetic. Under IEEE 754, a float has 32 bits, consisting of one sign bit, an 8-bit exponent, and a 23-bit significand, while a double occupies 64 bits, has one sign bit, an 11-bit exponent, and a 52-bit significand.

Answer 18

Term: Floating-Point Data

Question 19

Definition: The number of bytes allocated for a type determines the range of values that that type can store. For integral types, the ranges of values for some types depend on the execution environment. char (8 bits) can store values from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255, short (>= 16 bits) can store values from -32,768 to 32,767, int (2 or 4 bytes) can store values from -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, long (>= 32 bits) can store values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, and long long (>= 64 bits) can store values from -9,233,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,233,372,036,854,775,807. For floating-point types, the limits on a float and double depend on the execution environment.

Answer 19

Term: Value Ranges

Question 20

Variable Declarations

We store program data in variables
A declaration associates a program variable with a type
The type identifies the properties of the variable
In C, a declaration takes the form: [const] type identifier [= initial value];
It is good practice to declare all variables at the beginning of the function and group related variables together

Answer 20

Variable Declarations

We store program data in variables
A declaration associates a program variable with a type
The type identifies the properties of the variable
In C, a declaration takes the form: [const] type identifier [= initial value];
It is good practice to declare all variables at the beginning of the function and group related variables together

Question 21

Multiple Declarations

Group variables of the same type in a single declaration
Separate the identifiers with commas

Answer 21

Multiple Declarations

Group variables of the same type in a single declaration
Separate the identifiers with commas

Question 22

Naming Conventions

Select identifier names that follow these naming conventions:
Starts with a letter or an underscore (_)
Contains any combination of letters, digits, and underscores
Less than 32 characters (varies by compiler)
Not a reserved word in C
Use good variable naming techniques
Avoid using reserved words

Answer 22

Naming Conventions

Select identifier names that follow these naming conventions:
Starts with a letter or an underscore (_)
Contains any combination of letters, digits, and underscores
Less than 32 characters (varies by compiler)
Not a reserved word in C
Use good variable naming techniques
Avoid using reserved words

Question 23

Reserved Words

Certain words are reserved in C and C++
These words should be avoided as variable identifiers
To ensure upward compatibility with C++, avoid certain C++ reserved words.

Answer 23

Reserved Words

Certain words are reserved in C and C++
These words should be avoided as variable identifiers
To ensure upward compatibility with C++, avoid certain C++ reserved words.