Logic

Question 1

Question: What are the three classes of constructs required to complete a programming language according to the given text?

Answer 1

Answer: The three classes of constructs required to complete a programming language are sequential constructs, selection constructs, and iteration constructs.

Question 2

Question: Why is it important for software to be readable and easy to upgrade and maintain?

Answer 2

Answer: It is important for software to be readable and easy to upgrade and maintain because programmers who maintain application software are typically not those who develop the software originally, and the maintenance programmers may change throughout the lifetime of a software application.

Question 3

Question: What are the principles of structured programming, and when were they developed?

Answer 3

Answer: The principles of structured programming were developed in the 1960s and provide important coding guidelines that respect the objective of making software readable, easy to upgrade, and maintainable. A structured program consists of sets of simple constructs, each of which has one entry point and one exit point. Any programmer may replace one construct with an upgraded construct without affecting the other constructs in the program or introducing errors (“bugs”).

Question 4

Question: What is a code block, and how is it different from a single statement in C programming?

Answer 4

Answer: A code block is a set of statements enclosed in a pair of curly braces to be executed sequentially. Unlike a single statement, a C code block does not require a terminating semi-colon of its own (after the closing brace).

Question 5

Question: What does the chapter describe about implementing structured programming principles in coding iterations?

Answer 5

Answer: The chapter introduces the selection and iteration constructs supported by the C language and describes how to implement structured programming principles in coding iterations.

Question 6

Question: What are some techniques used during the design stage of a programming solution?

Answer 6

Answer: Some well-established techniques include pseudo-coding and flow charting.

Question 7

Question: What is pseudo-code?

Answer 7

Answer: Pseudo-code is a set of shorthand notes in a human (non-programming) language that itemizes the key steps in the sequence of instructions that produce a programming solution.

Question 8

Question: What is flow charting?

Answer 8

Answer: Flow charting is a set of conventional symbols connected by arrows that illustrate the flow of control through a programming solution.

Question 9

Question: What are the three selection constructs supported by the C language?

Answer 9

Answer: The three selection constructs supported by the C language are the optional path, alternative paths, and conditional expression.

Question 10

Question: What is the binary selection construct?

Answer 10

Answer: The binary selection construct executes one of a set of alternative sequences and takes the form if (condition) sequence else sequence.

Question 11

Question: What is the suggested coding style for maximum readability and maintainability?

Answer 11

Answer: It is suggested to create a code block for single-line statements, including the placement of the opening and closing curly braces on their own dedicated lines.

Question 12

Question: What is the syntax for a multiple selection construct in C programming?

Answer 12

Answer: The syntax for a multiple selection construct in C programming is:

if (condition1)
sequence1
else if (condition2)
sequence2
else
sequence3

Question 13

Question: What is the syntax for a case-by-case selection construct in C programming?

Answer 13

Answer: The syntax for a case-by-case selection construct in C programming is:
switch (condition)
{
case constant1:
sequence1
break;
case constant2:
sequence2
break;
default:
sequence3
}

Question 14

Question: What is the purpose of the conditional expression selection construct in C programming?

Answer 14

Answer: The purpose of the conditional expression selection construct in C programming is to provide shorthand for the alternative path construct, which allows for a more concise syntax for conditional statements.

Question 15

Question: What are the three iteration constructs supported by the C language?

Answer 15

Answer: The three iteration constructs supported by the C language are while, do while, and for.

Question 16

Question: What are the three instructions that control the execution of an iteration in C language?

Answer 16

Answer: The three instructions that control the execution of an iteration in C language are initialization, a test condition, and a change statement.

Question 17

Question: What happens if the change statement is missing or the test condition is always satisfied in an iteration?

Answer 17

Answer: If the change statement is missing or the test condition is always satisfied in an iteration, the iteration continues without terminating, and the program can never terminate. This is called an infinite loop.

Question 18

Question: How does the while construct work in C language?

Answer 18

Answer: The while construct in C language executes its sequence as long as the test condition is true. It takes the form:

while (condition) {
sequence
}

Question 19

Question: How does the do while construct work in C language?

Answer 19

Answer: The do while construct in C language executes its sequence at least once and continues executing it as long as the test condition is true. It takes the form:

do {
sequence
} while (condition);

Question 20

Question: How does the for construct work in C language?

Answer 20

Answer: The for construct in C language groups the initialization, test condition, and change together, separating them with semi-colons. It takes the form:

for (initialization; condition; change) {
sequence
}

Question 21

Question: What is flagging in structured programming and how does it improve the design of flow charts?

Answer 21

Answer: Flagging is a method of coding iteration constructs within the single-entry single-exit principle of structured programming. It involves using variables called flags that are either true or false to determine whether an iteration continues or stops. Flags help ensure that no paths cross one another and improve the design of flow charts by avoiding the jump and multiple exit.

Question 22

Question: What is the purpose of using a flag in the code example provided?

Answer 22

Answer: The purpose of using a flag in the code example provided is to terminate the iteration prematurely.

Question 23

Question: How is the test condition in the code example a compound logical expression?

Answer 23

Answer: The test condition in the code example is a compound logical expression because it involves the evaluation of both the iterator variable i and the flag done. The iteration stops if done == 1.

Question 24

Question: What are some cases to avoid when managing process flow in structured programming?

Answer 24

Answer: Some cases to avoid when managing process flow in structured programming include: break (except in the switch construct and only one per case), continue, exit, goto, return, and changing the iterator variable in more than one place.

Question 25

Question: What is nesting in programming?

Answer 25

Answer: Nesting is enclosing one logic construct within another in programming.

Question 26

Question: What is a nested selection?

Answer 26

Answer: A selection within another selection is called a nested selection.

Question 27

Question: Can a nested if-else construct cause ambiguity?

Answer 27

Answer: Yes, an ambiguity arises in a nested if-else construct that contains an optional sequence (if).

Question 28

Question: How can the ambiguity in the nested if-else construct be resolved?

Answer 28

Answer: The ambiguity in the nested if-else construct can be resolved by using code blocks (curly braces) to ensure the intended flow.

Question 29

Question: What is a nested iteration?

Answer 29

Answer: An iteration within another iteration is called a nested iteration.

Question 30

Question: Can you provide an example of nested iteration in C language?

Answer 30

Answer: An example of nested iteration in C language is as follows:
#include <stdio.h></stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i, j;

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
    for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)
    {
        printf("%d,%d  ", i, j);
    }

    printf("\n");
}

return 0; }