Types of Research

Question 1

Advantages of a Case Study

Answer 1

• emphasis is on helping the individual or organization
• provides an in-depth analysis of how the variables of interest affect each other
• potentially more informative
• potentially less expensive

Question 2

mace (1990)

Answer 2

1) athletes must demonstrate symptoms of anxiety that are detrimental to performance
2) the effectiveness of the intervention is enhanced if a considerable amount of time is devoted to the specific needs of the athlete
3) training and testing conditions should simulate the conditions under which the athlete must perform

Question 3

Dependent Measures

Answer 3

State Anxiety

• self-report
• electromyography response
• electrocardiography response
• biochemical response (urine and adrenaline)
• behaviour response

Question 4

Dependent Measure

Answer 4

Performance
- calculated by measuring the exact distance from the centre of the bullet hole to the centre of the target for each hot and then averaging these error score

Question 5

Treatment Procedure

Answer 5

• Preliminary session (minimize stress sensitivity)
• Baseline (on site during a real competition)
• Intervention (self-regulation program—12 sessions over a 6 week period; breathing and stretching, progressive muscle relaxation, thought stoppage, ECG biofeedback—summarized into audiotapes)
• Post Intervention (on site during another real
  competition)

Question 6

Results

Answer 6

• Self-report cognitive anxiety lowered
• self-report somatic anxiety lowered
• self-report state confidence improved
• urinary noradrenaline lowered
• urinary adrenaline lowered
• accelerometry (gun vibration) lowered
• Heart rate did not show pattern
• forearm emg raised
• performance error lowered

Question 7

Conclusions

Answer 7

• a multi-method self-regulation intervention program reduced state anxiety (more most anxiety indices) and improved performance for an elite rifle shooter